Human Reproductive Anatomy and Development
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Questions and Answers

What role does estrogen play in ovarian function?

  • It triggers a negative feedback mechanism on GnRH. (correct)
  • It allows for the maturation of gonadotropins before ovulation. (correct)
  • It prevents ovulation during the late follicular phase.
  • It promotes the early stages of follicular development.

During which phase does the feedback mechanism involving inhibin primarily occur?

  • Late follicular phase (correct)
  • Follicular phase
  • Ovulatory phase
  • Luteal phase

What is the primary function of inhibin produced by granulosa cells?

  • To inhibit FSH secretion. (correct)
  • To stimulate the production of estrogen.
  • To enhance GnRH pulse frequency.
  • To promote ovulation directly.

What is the sequence of hormonal interactions leading to ovulation during the late follicular phase?

<p>High estrogen -&gt; Positive feedback -&gt; Increased FSH. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does progesterone have during the feedback mechanism involving FSH?

<p>Decreases the responsiveness of the pituitary to GnRH (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does estrogen have in relation to granulosacells?

<p>It promotes a positive feedback effect on granulosacells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of LH in the ovulatory cycle?

<p>Triggers the ovulation process (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of follicle-stimulating hormone (FH) in relation to granulosacells?

<p>It stimulates granulosacells to produce aromatase. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to FSH levels as the luteal phase progresses?

<p>They decrease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substance acts as a precursor to progesterone in the hormonal cascade?

<p>Androgens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does low FH affect estrogen levels?

<p>It negatively impacts granulosacells' ability to produce estrogen. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the feedback mechanism involved?

<p>Low estrogen levels lead to a positive feedback on FH levels. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between progesterone and estrogen in the hormonal pathway?

<p>Progesterone is a precursor to estrogen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the menstrual cycle does the ovum rupture?

<p>Early-mid luteal phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is confirmed about the conversion of androgen in granulosacells?

<p>It occurs via aromatase to produce estrogen. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the decrease of FSH have on the hormonal cycle?

<p>It prepares the body for the next phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to granulosacells' activity as estrogen levels rise?

<p>They gain increased activity to produce more estrogen. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does LH play in relation to inhibin and FSH?

<p>LH increases levels of inhibin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which effect does FH have under low estrogen conditions?

<p>It stimulates further production of aromatase. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the relationship between aromatase and estrogen?

<p>Estrogen production requires the action of aromatase. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when granulosacells produce sufficient aromatase?

<p>The secretion of estrogen increases. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary feedback effect of growing estrogen levels?

<p>To enhance the negative feedback on FH. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

<p>23 pairs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the SRY gene play in sexual development?

<p>It influences the development of testes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ connects the cervix to the vagina?

<p>Uterus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which external genitalia structure is homologous to the penis?

<p>Clitoris (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is testosterone converted to by the enzyme aromatase?

<p>Estrogen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the development of male external genitalia?

<p>Presence of DHT (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase is estrogen level low, triggering menses?

<p>Luteal phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does progesterone play in the female menstrual cycle?

<p>Sustains pregnancy after fertilization. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of seminal vesicles in males?

<p>Provide lubrication (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the precursor to progesterone?

<p>Cholesterol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ducts are formed due to the absence of testosterone in females?

<p>Mullerian ducts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the testes during male embryonic development?

<p>Transform due to SRY gene (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of inhibin in the hormonal regulation during the luteal phase?

<p>It provides negative feedback on FSH and LH. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase do progesterone levels peak and provide strong negative feedback?

<p>Late luteal phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to the corpus luteum if pregnancy does not happen?

<p>It dies and triggers menses. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormonal changes occur during the late luteal phase?

<p>Estrogen and progesterone levels begin to drop. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of birth control in the context of the luteal phase?

<p>It keeps the body in a mid luteal phase. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of GnRH during the luteal phase?

<p>To regulate the secretion of FSH and LH. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers menses in the female reproductive cycle?

<p>Death of the corpus luteum. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormones exhibit strong negative feedback to prevent the release of more eggs?

<p>Estrogen, progesterone, and inhibin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Estrogen Feedback

Estrogen negatively impacts the production of gonadotropins.

Granulosa Cells

Cells that produce estrogen via aromatase

Aromatase

Enzyme converting androgens to estrogen.

Gonadotropins

Hormones that affect the gonads.

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Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Hormone stimulating granulosa cell aromatase production.

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Negative Feedback (Estrogen)

Increased estrogen inhibits further estrogen production.

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Androgens

Precursors to estrogen.

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Granulosa Cell Ability (Estrogen)

Rising estrogen increases granulosa cell aromatase ability to convert androgens to estrogen (in a positive feedback loop).

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Low FSH Levels

Low FSH = Low Aromatase = Low Estradiol

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Positive Feedback (Estrogen)

Increased estrogen enhances its own production.

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Estrogen's role in ovulation

Estrogen is needed for ovulation to occur.

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Granulosa cell function

Granulosa cells secrete inhibin after ovulation.

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GnRH effect before ovulation

GnRH positively affects FSH release before ovulation.

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High estrogen effect on GnRH

High estrogen levels lead to a positive feedback loop for GnRH production

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Granulosa Cell Inhibin Effect

Inhibin secreted by granulosa cells cause a negative feedback loop

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Human Chromosome Pairs

Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, including 22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes.

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Reproductive Organs (Male)

Sperm is produced in the testes, stored and matured in the epididymis, travels through the vas deferens and seminal vesicles (which add fluid), and then through the ejaculatory duct and urethra to exit the body.

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Reproductive Organs (Female)

The reproductive organs include internal organs connected including the uterus and vagina. The ovaries are the female gonads.

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Sex Determination (Male)

Presence of the SRY gene on the Y chromosome triggers testes development.

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Sex Determination (Female)

Absence of the SRY gene results in ovaries developing, and Mullerian ducts forming the fallopian tube, uterus, and vagina.

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External Genitalia Development

All embryos initially have similar structures and during the first few weeks of development. These structures take on characteristic forms as the pathways evolve.

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Androgens and Development

Androgens (like testosterone) are crucial for male development, directing the development of male external genitalia and internal ducts.

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Testosterone and DHT

Testosterone is a precursor hormone in male development; DHT is a more potent form resulting from a transformation step

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Gonadal Steroid Synthesis

The process of creating sex hormones (like estrogen and testosterone) within the gonads (ovaries and testes).

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SRY and Testis Formation

The SRY gene is a master switch for testis development.

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Cholesterol and Hormone Production

Cholesterol is a raw material used in hormonal synthesis, starting pathways towards hormones.

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Estrogen Production

Estrogen is made after other transformations, where androgens (like testosterone) are converted w/ enzymes.

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Progesterone's Role

Progesterone plays a crucial role in the female menstrual cycle.

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Hormones in Pregnancy

Other hormones like estrogen and androgens are also produced during pregnancy

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Sperm Production (Fluid)

Seminal fluids contain nutrients supporting sperm motility.

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Granulosa cells secreting progesterone

Granulosa cells start producing small amounts of progesterone during the follicular phase.

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Progesterone's feedback effect

Progesterone affects the release of GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone).

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LH's role in ovulation

Luteinizing hormone (LH) directly triggers ovulation.

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FSH decrease's role in the next phase

Decreased FSH levels prepare the body for the next phase of the menstrual cycle.

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Estrogen and progesterone

Estrogen and progesterone are important hormones that impact various bodily functions during the menstrual cycle.

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Androgen to Progesterone conversion

Androgens are precursors to progesterone.

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Progesterone to Estrogen conversion

Progesterone is a precursor to estrogen; influenced by aromatase.

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Ovum Rupture

The ovum has ruptured in the early-mid luteal phase.

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Corpus Luteum Function

Secretes estrogen, progesterone, and inhibin.

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Progesterone Dominance

Most dominant hormone in the late luteal phase.

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Negative Feedback on GnRH, FSH, LH

Estrogen and progesterone strongly inhibit GnRH, FSH, and LH.

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Late Luteal Phase

Phase where progesterone is highest and GnRH, FSH levels drop.

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Corpus Luteum Death

Triggers menstruation (female period).

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Birth Control Effect

Maintains the body in the mid-luteal phase.

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Menstruation Trigger

Corpus luteum breakdown.

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Hormone Feedback

Estrogen and progesterone have strong negative feedback on GnRH, FSH, and LH.

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Study Notes

Human Reproductive Anatomy

  • Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, 22 pairs of autosomes, and 1 pair of sex chromosomes.
  • Sperm are produced in the testes and stored in the epididymis. They travel through the vas deferens, where seminal vesicles add fluid. The sperm then passes through the ejaculatory duct and urethra.
  • The urethra is connected to the bladder. The cervix connects the vagina and uterus.

Development of Internal Organs

  • Internal organ development begins at 7-10 weeks of a 38-week gestation period.
  • Key processes of differentiation:
    • Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH): absence in females
    • SRY gene: determines sex; located on Y chromosome (absent in females)
    • Testosterone: determines male development (absent in females)
    • Wolffian ducts: in the presence of testosterone, they develop into epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles; otherwise, they degenerate
    • Müllerian ducts: in the absence of AMH, they develop into the fallopian tubes, uterus, and upper part of the vagina; otherwise, they degenerate.

Development of External Genitalia

  • Genital tubercle becomes the clitoris in females and the glans of the penis in males.
  • Labioscrotal folds become the labia majora in females and the scrotum in males.
  • Females have external genitalia that are feminized (in the absence of androgens); Males have internal and external genitalia derived from androgens (including testosterone)

Müllerian and Wolffian Ducts

  • Müllerian ducts are a pre-cursor to female reproductive structures (ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and part of the vagina).
  • Wolffian ducts form the males' reproductive structures (epididymus, vas deferens, seminal vesicles).
  • Presence of testosterone maintains the Wolffian ducts, while the absence of AMH allows Müllerian ducts to develop.

Male Reproductive Functions

  • Testes produce sperm through spermatogenesis and are aided by testosterone.
  • Epididymis stores and concentrates sperm.
  • Vas deferens increases sperm motility and fertility.
  • Seminal vesicles supply fructose (for energy).
  • Prostate gland produces semen (fluid).
  • Bulbourethral glands produce an alkaline fluid that neutralizes vaginal secretions (acidic).
  • Typically, 180 million sperm are present per ejaculate. Below 20 million is considered infertile.

Female Reproductive Functions (in the context of the lecture)

  • The ovaries and adrenal glands produce estrogen, testosterone, and progesterone.
  • These are not exclusive to one sex.
  • These steroid hormones are the precursor to testosterone & estrogen. The adrenal glands produce weak forms of these hormones.
  • Progesterone is critical for the menstrual cycle and pregnancy.
  • SRY gene: plays a critical hormonal and developmental role in determining sex.
  • 5-a-reductase: A critical enzyme in the hormonal cascade for male development
  • The HPG axis: The Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Gonad Axis is crucial for hormone release.
  • Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS): Inability of androgens to bind to the androgen receptor (AR)

Ovarian cycle (mentioned but not fully detailed in the provided text)

  • A cyclic process with several phases (early to late follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase).
  • Hormones (estrogen, progesterone) play a crucial role in each phase, influencing the follicle(s).

Complexity of sexual differentiation

  • Extra or missing chromosomes can result in conditions like Klinefelter syndrome (XXY) and Turner syndrome (XO).
  • Individuals with only a Y chromosome will not survive, due to the essential nature of X-chromosomes.

Other observations

  • Diagrams were included to illustrate anatomy and hormone relationships.
  • Information was presented about external genitalia development.

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Description

Explore the intricacies of human reproductive anatomy and the development of internal organs during gestation. This quiz covers key concepts including chromosome pairs, sperm production, and the differentiation processes influenced by hormones and genes. Test your knowledge on how male and female reproductive structures form over time.

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