Human Reproduction Technology

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is the primary purpose of human reproductive technology (ART)?

  • To clone human beings
  • To manipulate the genetic code of offspring
  • To select the gender of the child
  • To enhance fertility and increase the likelihood of successful pregnancy (correct)

In vitro fertilization (IVF) involves the transfer of fertilized eggs into the fallopian tube.

False (B)

What is the main difference between ZIFT and PROST?

cell division

In intrauterine insemination (IUI), sperm is inserted into the ______ using a catheter.

<p>uterus</p>
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Match the ART procedure with its description:

<p>IVF = Eggs are fertilized in a lab, and then transferred to the uterus. GIFT = Eggs and sperm are collected and placed directly into the fallopian tubes. ICSI = A single sperm is injected directly into an egg. Surrogacy = A woman carries a pregnancy for another person or couple.</p>
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What is a potential disadvantage of ART?

<p>Emotional stress (B)</p>
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Family planning only focuses on limiting the number of children a couple can have.

<p>False (B)</p>
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Name two examples of natural family planning methods.

<p>abstinence, withdrawal</p>
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The cervical mucus or ovulation method involves tracking the mucus secreted by the ______ to determine fertility.

<p>cervix</p>
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Match the artificial family planning method with its form:

<p>Male Condom = Physical barrier Oral Contraceptive Pills = Hormonal IUD = Device inserted into the uterus Vasectomy = Surgical sterilization</p>
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What is the primary mechanism of action for injectable contraceptives?

<p>To inhibit ovulation (A)</p>
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Female sterilization involves blocking the vasa deferentia to prevent sperm from reaching the penis.

<p>False (B)</p>
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Provide two advantages of family planning.

<p>reduce poverty, empower women</p>
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One disadvantage of family planning is the cultural and societal ______ associated with contraception.

<p>stigmas</p>
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Match the benefit of family planning with its impact:

<p>Reduced unintended pregnancies = Lower health risks Empowering individuals = Informed decisions about reproductive health Reduced financial burden = Decreased poverty Promoting gender equality = Greater control over career opportunities</p>
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Which of the following ART methods involves collecting eggs and sperm, mixing them in a tube, and then using laparoscopic surgery to place them into the fallopian tubes?

<p>Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) (D)</p>
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Pronuclear stage tubal transfer (PROST) is identical to zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT).

<p>False (B)</p>
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How does intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) differ from traditional IVF?

<p>single sperm injection</p>
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[Blank] is an arrangement where a woman carries a pregnancy for another person or couple.

<p>surrogacy</p>
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Match the ART process to its goal:

<p>Egg donation = Using eggs from a donor Sperm donation = Using sperm from a donor Fertility preservation = Maintaining reproductive potential Genetic disorder treatment = Reducing the risk of genetic issues</p>
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Which of the following is a potential ethical concern associated with ART?

<p>Cost, emotional stress (B)</p>
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Abstinence is considered an artificial method of contraception.

<p>False (B)</p>
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Explain how basal body temperature (BBT) is used in natural family planning.

<p>ovulation tracking</p>
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Oral contraceptive pills primarily consist of two hormones: estrogen and ______.

<p>progesterone</p>
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Match the artificial family planning method with its usage.

<p>Female condom = inserted in vagina before sex hormonal implants = placed below skin injectables = inhibit ovulation IUDs = inserted inside womb</p>
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What is the main purpose of an intrauterine device (IUD) as a contraceptive method?

<p>To disrupt the normal uterine environment (C)</p>
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Male sterilization (vasectomy) directly affects a man's ability to produce testosterone.

<p>False (B)</p>
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Name two benefits of family planning for communities.

<p>reduce public spending, protect environment</p>
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Family planning helps enable increased public spending ____ person in all.

<p>per</p>
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Match the given structures with the appropriate function.

<p>penis = organ of copulation scrotum = protects testes testis = site of spermatozoa production urethra = transports semen and urine</p>
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Where does sperm meet with the egg?

<p>fallopian tubes (A)</p>
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The scientific term for cutting of vas deferens is cauterization.

<p>False (B)</p>
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What is the traditional method for natural family planning?

<p>rhythm method</p>
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The combination of BBT and cervical mucus monitoring is called the ______ method.

<p>symptothermal</p>
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Match the artificial family planning method with the way pregnancy is prevented.

<p>male condom = physical barrier female condom = physical barrier cervical cap = cervical barrier IUD = uterine environment interruption</p>
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The use of family planning:

<p>all of the above (D)</p>
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Side-effects from medication and cultural stigmas are advantages of forms of contraception.

<p>False (B)</p>
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What is the role of a doctor or specialist extracting eggs and doing something with the eggs in a laboratory called?

<p>in vitro fertilization</p>
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Human reproductive ______ refers to fertility treatments and procedures that can help with difficulty.

<p>technology</p>
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Match the type of ART with its description

<p>Intrafallopian Transfer = Transfer into the fallopian tube Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer = Collecting eggs and sperm Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer = IVF and GIFT mixture Pronuclear Stage Tubal Transfer = Transfer of fertilized egg before cell division.</p>
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Flashcards

Human Reproductive Technology (ART)

Fertility treatments and procedures that can help with difficulties or an inability to conceive children, involving manipulation of eggs, sperm, or embryos.

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

A type of ART involving extracting eggs, fertilizing them in a lab, and then transferring the resulting embryos into a person's uterus.

Intrafallopian Transfer

Transferring eggs and sperm into the fallopian tube instead of the uterus.

Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT)

A procedure which involves collecting eggs and sperm in a tube where a doctor places the gametes directly into the fallopian tubes using laparoscopic surgery.

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Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer (ZIFT)

Procedure that is a combination of IVF and GIFT where eggs are collected and mixed with sperm in the lab, then fertilized eggs or zygotes are returned to the fallopian tubes.

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Pronuclear Stage Tubal Transfer (PROST)

Similar to ZIFT, but involves transferring a fertilized egg to the fallopian tube before cell division occurs.

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Frozen Embryo Transfer

A fertilized embryo is transferred into the fallopian tube instead of the uterus.

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Intrauterine Insemination (IUI)

Sperm is placed directly into the uterus using a catheter.

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Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)

A specialized form of IVF where a single sperm is injected directly into an egg.

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Surrogacy

An arrangement where a woman carries a pregnancy for another person or couple.

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Egg and Sperm Donation

Using eggs or sperm from a donor to achieve pregnancy.

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Family Planning

Having the desired number of children and when you want to have them using safe and effective modern methods.

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Natural Family Planning

Preventing pregnancy without medication or devices.

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Abstinence

The absence of sexual intercourse.

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Coitus Interruptus

Removal of penis from the vagina just before ejaculation.

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Rhythm or Calendar Method

Refraining from intercourse when a woman is fertile, based on ovulation predictions.

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Cervical Mucus Method

Tracking cervical mucus changes to predict ovulation.

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Basal Body Temperature (BBT)

Body temperature rises between 0.5-1 degree during ovulation

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Symptothermal Method

Combining BBT with cervical mucus tracking

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Artificial Family Planning

Contraception with drugs, techniques or devices to prevent impregnation.

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Male Condom

A thin rubber or latex sheath that is installed on an erect penis before intercourse.

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Female Condom

A vaginal pouch of latex sheath also with one ring at each end.

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Oral Contraceptive Pills

Contraceptive pills consisting of estrogen and progesterone. Taken orally every day.

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Hormonal Implants

A hormonal implant uses the Norplant capsule implanted below the skin through minor surgery

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Injectables

Medication that inhibits ovulation and increases the viscosity of the cervical secretions to form a barrier to sperms

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Intrauterine Devices (IUDs)

Small flexible, plastic device usually with copper that is inserted into the womb to help prevent pregnancy.

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Female Sterilization (tubal ligation)

A permanent surgical method in which the fallopian tubes are cut and ends tied to prevent the sperms from meeting the eggs

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Male Sterilization (vasectomy)

A permanent surgical method wherein the vasa deferentia which carry the sperms from the testes to the penis are blocked

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Study Notes

  • Human Reproduction Technology refers to fertility treatments and procedures assisting conception difficulties, through manipulation of eggs, sperm, or embryos.

Types of ART

  • In vitro fertilization involves extracting and fertilizing eggs in a lab, with embryo transfer into the uterus.
  • Intrafallopian Transfer involves transfer into the fallopian tube instead of the uterus.
  • Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) involves collecting eggs and sperm, placing them into the fallopian tubes via laparoscopic surgery.
  • Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer (ZIFT) combines IVF and GIFT, fertilizing eggs with sperm in the lab before returning them to the fallopian tubes.
  • Pronuclear stage tubal transfer (PROST): Similar to ZIFT; involves transfer of a fertilized egg to the fallopian tube before cell division.
  • Frozen embryo transfer involves transfer of a fertilized embryo into the fallopian tube.
  • Intrauterine insemination (IUI) involves inserting sperm into the uterus with a catheter.
  • Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) involves injecting a single sperm directly into an egg.
  • Surrogacy involves a woman carrying a pregnancy for another person/couple.
  • Egg and Sperm Donation involves using donor eggs or sperm to achieve pregnancy.

Advantages of ART

  • Increased chances of conception
  • Treatment of genetic disorders
  • Preservation of fertility
  • Enables same-sex couples to have children

Disadvantages of ART

  • High cost
  • Emotional stress
  • Risk of multiple pregnancies
  • Ethical concerns

Family Planning

  • Involves deciding on desired number and timing of children using safe, effective modern methods.

Types of Family Planning Methods

  • Natural family planning is preventing pregnancy without medication or devices, also known as the traditional method.

Examples of natural family planning

  • Abstinence is absence of sexual intercourse, the most effective natural control method with a 0% failure rate.
  • Coitus interruptus (withdrawal method) is removing the penis from the vagina before ejaculation.
  • Rhythm or calendar method involves refraining from intercourse when a woman is fertile.
  • Cervical mucus or ovulation method tracks cervical mucus, which looks like raw egg white during ovulation.
  • Basal body temperature (BBT) involves a woman's body temperature rising 0.5-1 degree during ovulation, remaining elevated until the next period.
  • Symptothermal method combines BBT and cervical mucus tracking.

Artificial Family Planning

  • The artificial family planning method refers to contraception using drugs, techniques, or devices to prevent impregnation.

Examples of artificial family planning

  • Male condoms are thin rubber or latex sheaths rolled onto an erect penis.
  • Female condoms are vaginal pouches with rings at both ends, with the closed end inserted as an anchor, and the outer portion protects the external genitalia.
  • Oral contraceptive pills for women contain estrogen and progesterone, taken orally daily.
  • Hormone implants use the Norplant capsule inserted under the skin.
  • Injectables inhibit ovulation and increase cervical mucus viscosity.
  • Intrauterine Devices (IUDs) are small, flexible plastic/copper devices inserted into the uterus by a practitioner.
  • Female Sterilization (tubal ligation) is a permanent surgical method in which the fallopian tubes are cut and tied.
  • Male sterilization (vasectomy) is a surgery blocking the vasa deferentia, preventing sperm from reaching the penis.

Advantages of Family Planning

  • Empowers reproductive health decisions
  • Reduces unintended pregnancies/health risks
  • Improves pregnancy planning
  • Reduces financial burden of raising children/poverty

More Advantages of Family Planning

  • Reduces poverty
  • Increases economic stability
  • Promotes gender equality

Disadvantages of Family Planning

  • Limited access to family planning resources
  • Cultural/societal stigmas
  • Side effects/health risks of contraception

More Disadvantages of Family Planning

  • Ethical concerns with certain contraceptives like emergency/hormonal options

Significance of Human Reproduction Technology and Family Planning

  • Saves the lives of women, newborn children, and teenage girls.
  • Lowers unplanned pregnancies and abortions
  • Benefits families and communities
  • Reduces burden on natural resources and the environment
  • Nations can enable increased public spending per person in all.

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