Human Presence and Migration Concepts

Lesson 4

• Human presence: A Filipino perspective on human presence in a location, it is not just habitation, but also construed as a temporary status of residency or the establishment of permanent settlement.
• Permanent residency: The status of permanent residency in a particular place is referred to as human presence.
• Temporary settlements: These are areas where artifacts are usually found and can also be called archaeological sites.
• Human presence indicators: Human presence in a location can be determined through outcomes of expeditions, assessments of resources suitable for settlement, and understanding the human exploratory nature.
• Civilization vs. habitation: Habitation is not necessarily indicative of civilization. Artefacts are suggestive of departure from hunting and gathering cultures, but not definitive of civilization.

Lesson 5

• Liberators of Filipinos: According to Renato Constantino, the liberators of the Filipinos, excluding Spaniards, are considered Americans, British, and Japanese.
• Spanish liberation: The Spaniards liberated the Filipinos from evil.
• Early Filipino pantheon: Bathala, Apolaki, and Ikapati are part of the early Filipinos' pantheon.
• Faith expression subjective: Expression of faith is subjective, rather than objective, because belief systems vary across cultures.
• Personal salvation: Salvation is a personal matter, not something that's accomplished through communal or group conversions.
• Higher order's subordination: Subordination to a higher order often means accepting one's status in life.

Lesson 6

• Philippine Antiquity: A period in Philippine history between Spanish colonization and American intervention, when written history is scarce, and social and political structures emerged with limited records.
• Laguna Copperplate Inscription: A document that talks about duties and obligations of a slave, a debt from a master payable in gold, or a war declaration.
• Time references: 'Sa una' and 'noong unang panahon' are time references for things or events in the distant past.
• Migration waves: Henry Otley Beyer proposed three waves of migration in the peopling of the Philippines.
• Out-of-Taiwan hypothesis: A hypothesis suggesting the arrival of Austronesians via land bridges.

Lesson 7

• Colonization strategies: Spanish colonial strategies included introducing new religions, understanding local languages and cultures, the division of conquered regions into encomiendas, and employing the “divide and conquer” strategy.
• Spanish legitimacy: Spanish legitimacy in conquering lands was based on proximity to divine power, a concept expressed in Papal Bulls and the Treaty of Tordesillas.
• Missionary vocabularies: The creation of "artes" and "vocabularios" helped Catholic missionaries to understand and communicate with local populations.
• Significance of early Philippine writings: Early written accounts documented the practices, religious beliefs, and cultures of the indigenous people.

Lesson 8

• Globalization ideals: Expansionism and mercantilism fueled the early stages of globalization.
• New World: New World refers to the continents of the Americas (North and South America).
• Pope Alexander VI: Divided the world into exclusive spheres of influence for Spain and Portugal through papal bulls.
• Inter cetera: Pope Alexander VI's bulls that divided the world for Spanish and Portuguese conquests.
• New World discoverers: Ferdinand Magellan was among the ones who discovered it.

Lesson 9

• Philippine Independence Declaration: The Philippine Declaration of Independence on June 12, 1898.
• Dictatorial Government: The initial government formed after gaining independence from Spain, and the structure that existed before the Malolos Constitution was implemented.
• Malolos Constitution: The first constitution of the Philippine Republic, created during the Malolos Congress, and implemented due to the desire for the people's full representation, and influenced by the Spanish constitution.
• Malolos Congress: A congress to create a Philippine Constitution, to establish a form of government under a set of rules and guidelines.

Lesson 10

• Malolos Constitution: The constitution of the First Philippine Republic.
• Tejeros Convention: A presidential election meeting that resulted in disputes and a subsequent attempt to form a new government.
• Philippine-American War: A conflict between the newly declared Philippine Republic and the United States after the Spanish-American War.
• First Philippine Republic: The newly formed government of the Philippines declared independent from Spain following that of the Malolos Constitution.