Human Population Growth and Impact
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Questions and Answers

What characteristic is typical of stable population diagrams?

  • They show the same number of individuals across all age groups.
  • They show a rapid increase in the young age group.
  • They are consistently vertical for all age groups.
  • They exhibit a rounded top with a gradual decrease in age groups. (correct)

Which population change is most likely represented by stage 4 in age structure diagrams?

  • Cyclical population fluctuations.
  • Uncontrolled exponential growth.
  • A rapid decline in the population.
  • Stable population with low growth. (correct)

What was one of the main predictions made in 'The Population Bomb' by Paul R. Ehrlich?

  • There will be a significant increase in the world death rate. (correct)
  • Population growth will never pose a crisis.
  • Food production will exceed human population growth.
  • Global population will stabilize by the 1980s.

What primary approach did China implement to control population growth?

<p>Implementing the one-child policy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What controversial issue arose from the one-child policy in China?

<p>A preference for male heirs leading to selective childbearing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of population control had positive effects in various countries?

<p>Family planning education programs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What issue may arise due to the rapid increase in human population?

<p>Widening inequalities in access to food and resources. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best reflects the criticism of Ehrlich's predictions in 'The Population Bomb'?

<p>Many view his predictions as exaggerated. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the United Nations estimate could be the world population size by the year 2100?

<p>6 billion to 16 billion people (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of population growth mentioned in the content?

<p>Change and degradation of the natural environment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle describes how species compete for limited resources in an ecosystem?

<p>Competitive exclusion principle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by community diversity?

<p>The number of species in a habitat and their relative abundance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following environments is likely to have low species diversity?

<p>Glaciers of Antarctica (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the nature of the debate regarding the role of human activity in climate change?

<p>It is a hotly debated socio-political issue in some developed countries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a classical example of species interaction?

<p>Predator-prey relationship (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor may affect a developing country’s participation in a global climate change treaty?

<p>Economic development priorities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the competitive exclusion principle state about species coexisting in a habitat?

<p>Two species cannot occupy the same niche if they compete for the same resources. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an ecological niche?

<p>The unique set of resources and interactions used by a species. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the experiment with Paramecium aurelia and Paramecium caudatum, what was the outcome of their competition?

<p>P.aurelia outcompeted P.caudatum, leading to its extinction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes a mutualistic symbiotic relationship?

<p>Both species benefit from the interaction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of commensalism?

<p>A bird nests in a tree without harming it. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs if a species cannot evolve to lessen competition for shared resources?

<p>It may go extinct due to competition. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of niche overlap between two species?

<p>Increased competition leading to one species' dominance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of a parasitic relationship?

<p>One species benefits at the expense of another. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between lichen and the algae involved?

<p>The fungus and algae live in a mutualistic relationship. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do parasites typically affect their hosts?

<p>Hosts are usually weakened over time as parasites siphon resources. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the tapeworm's life cycle?

<p>It requires multiple host species to complete its cycle. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about Plasmodium falciparum is true?

<p>It is responsible for causing malaria in humans. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the relationship between parasites and their hosts generally evolve?

<p>Parasites and hosts both evolve to minimize harm to the host. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one way that communities can be characterized?

<p>By their structure and dynamics. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the complex systems that make up communities?

<p>Communities involve populations and their interactions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one important consideration for managing ecological communities?

<p>Minimizing impacts on ecosystems. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact do Asian carp have on native fish species in the rivers they have colonized?

<p>They compete for food and may lead to extinction of native species. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which species of Asian carp is known to feed on phytoplankton and aquatic plants?

<p>Grass carp (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What measures have been taken to prevent Asian carp from reaching the Great Lakes?

<p>Electric barriers in the Chicago Ship and Sanitary Canal. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the presence of Asian carp in certain regions particularly concerning for local economies?

<p>They threaten salmon and lake trout fisheries. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How have Asian carp affected recreational anglers?

<p>By causing injuries when they jump into boats. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ecological fields are particularly relevant in addressing issues related to Asian carp?

<p>Population ecology and community ecology. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the community's biomass do Asian carp constitute in some parts of the Illinois River?

<p>95 percent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant challenge do governments face in handling the problem of Asian carp?

<p>Effectively preventing the introduction of invasive species. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by community dynamics?

<p>The changes in community structure and composition over time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which succession occurs on newly formed rock?

<p>Primary succession (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are pioneer species?

<p>Species that colonize previously uninhabited environments. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically happens to a community after a disturbance?

<p>Species and relationships may change, but numbers remain constant. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes secondary succession?

<p>It begins after a sever disturbance where remnants of the previous community remain. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to nutrients in an ecosystem affected by a wildfire?

<p>They are returned to the soil in the form of ash. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario is primary succession most likely to occur?

<p>On newly exposed or formed rock. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do pioneer species contribute to the development of soil?

<p>By helping to break down rocks into minerals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Stable Population

A population where the number of individuals in each age group remains relatively constant, with a gradual decrease and subsequent gradual increase in older age groups.

Exponential Population Growth

Population growth that increases at a constantly accelerating rate.

Population Explosion

A term used to describe unchecked, rapid human population growth and its potential consequences.

The Population Bomb

A book by Paul Ehrlich that warned of the disastrous consequences of rapid population growth.

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One-child policy

A population control policy in China that restricted most families to having only one child.

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Population Growth Rate

The rate at which a population is increasing or decreasing over a specific period of time.

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Food Access and Resource Inequality

The widening gap in access to food and other resources due to increasing human needs and limits of the planet.

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Population Control Policies

Efforts aimed at regulating the growth of a population, often with incentives or restrictions.

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World population growth projections

Future world population estimates vary widely, ranging from a decrease to a significant increase (up to 16 billion) by 2100.

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Ecological community

Interacting populations of different species in a particular habitat.

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Species diversity

The number and relative abundance of species in a community.

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Predator-prey relationship

A classic example of species interaction where one species (predator) hunts and feeds on another (prey).

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Climate change treaty

A global agreement to limit greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate climate change.

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Carrying capacity

The maximum population size of a species that a particular environment can sustainably support.

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Human impact on climate change

Human activities are a major contributor to the changes in climate affecting the environment.

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Competitive exclusion principle

Two species competing for the same resource cannot coexist.

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Ecological Niche

The unique set of resources used by a species, including its interactions with other species.

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Resource Overlap

When two species use some of the same resources, leading to competition.

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Evolutionary Adaptation

Changes in traits that make a species better suited to its environment, often driven by competition.

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Symbiotic Relationships

Close, long-term interactions between individuals of different species, where there's a benefit to at least one species.

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Commensalism

One species benefits from a relationship, while the other is neither harmed nor helped.

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Mutualism

Both species benefit from a relationship.

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Parasitism

One species benefits at the expense of the other.

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Symbiosis

A close and often long-term interaction between two different species.

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Lichen

A composite organism consisting of a fungus and algae living in a symbiotic relationship.

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What is the role of the algae in a lichen?

The algae provides food through photosynthesis for the fungus.

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What is the role of the fungus in a lichen?

The fungus provides structure and protection for the algae.

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Why is parasitism harmful to the host?

The parasite takes resources from the host, potentially weakening or even killing it.

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Asian Carp

A group of invasive fish species introduced to the United States that are disrupting native ecosystems and fisheries.

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Grass Carp

A type of Asian carp that primarily feeds on phytoplankton and aquatic plants, outcompeting native species and altering fish habitats.

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Silver Carp

An Asian carp that feeds on zooplankton, competing with native fish for this food source.

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Biomass

The total weight of living organisms in a specific habitat.

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Invasive Species

Non-native species that can cause harm to the environment, economy, or human health.

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Electric Barriers

A method used to discourage the migration of invasive species by creating an electric field.

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Population Ecology

The study of how populations of a particular species interact within a given habitat.

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Community Ecology

The study of how different species interact within a given habitat.

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Community Dynamics

Changes in the structure and composition of a community over time, often triggered by environmental disturbances.

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Ecological Equilibrium

A state where a community has a relatively constant number of species, even though species identities and relationships may fluctuate.

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Succession

The gradual change in species composition of a community following a disturbance.

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Primary Succession

Succession that occurs on newly formed or exposed rock. Pioneer species like lichens colonize the bare land.

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Pioneer Species

Hardy species, such as lichens, that are the first to colonize a new or disturbed area.

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Secondary Succession

Succession that occurs in a disturbed area where remnants of the previous community remain.

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Equilibrium State

A relatively stable state in a community where species composition remains relatively constant over time.

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Disturbance

An event that disrupts a community, such as a fire, flood, or volcanic eruption.

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Study Notes

Human Population Growth

  • Human population growth has accelerated significantly since 1800, with the time to add each billion people decreasing over time
  • The threat of overpopulation remains, particularly due to damage to ecosystems and biodiversity, reducing the Earth's carrying capacity for humans.

Overcoming Density-Dependent Regulation

  • Humans uniquely alter their environment, resetting carrying capacity and overcoming density-dependent growth regulation.
  • This includes developing shelter, agriculture, and communication; factors contributing to increased food supplies.
  • Public health, sanitation, and advancements like antibiotics and vaccines have decreased impact of infectious diseases, promoting growth.
  • These advancements have led to increased life expectancy and population growth.
  • Declining life expectancy is an indicator of higher mortality rates and lower birth rates, notably in sub-Saharan Africa due to HIV/AIDS.

Age Structure and Economic Development

  • Age structure, the proportion of a population in different age classes, is a key factor in population dynamics.
  • Age structure diagrams (pyramids) reflect growth rate. Rapidly growing countries have a larger proportion of younger, reproductive-aged individuals.
  • Slow-growing or stable countries show a smaller proportion of younger individuals and a greater proportion of older individuals.
  • The highest growth rates are in less economically developed countries, predominantly in Africa and Asia.

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Related Documents

Chapter 19b PDF - Human Population Growth

Description

This quiz explores the dynamics of human population growth, highlighting significant trends from 1800 onwards. It examines factors contributing to population increase, such as advancements in public health and agriculture, while also addressing the challenges of overpopulation and its implications for ecosystems.

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