39 Questions
What is the main function of the four valves in the heart?
To ensure one-way blood flow
What is the typical oxygen concentration surrounding body cells near capillaries?
Low oxygen concentration
What is the primary force that drives water through capillary walls?
Filtration
What does blood pressure typically refer to in a clinical setting?
Arterial pressure
When is blood pressure typically highest in the arteries?
When the ventricles contract
What is the primary cause of a myocardial infarction?
Obstruction of blood flow to the heart muscle
Which structure lies on top of the visceral pericardium?
Fibrous pericardium
What is the outermost layer of the heart wall that contains fat for cushioning?
Epicardium
Which vein removes blood from the thorax and abdomen?
azygos
Which of the following veins takes blood to the liver from the intestines?
mesenteric
Blood leaves the armpits through which veins?
axillary
Which of the following causes of chest pain is heart-related?
Angina
Which of the following causes chest pain only when someone pushes on the chest?
Costochondritis
What type of chest pain occurs only during body movements?
Costochondritis
What type of chest pain follows a meal and increases when the patient bends over?
Heartburn
Which part of the cardiac conduction system is known as the pacemaker of the heart?
SA node
Which part of the cardiac conduction system is located in the walls of the ventricles and causes the ventricles to contract?
Purkinje fibers
Which part of the cardiac conduction system receives the impulse from the SA node?
AV node
The bundle of His splits into left and right bundle branches that carry an electrical impulse to the ____.
mitral valve
Which of the following can cause dysrhythmia when elevated?
Potassium ions
Which of the following can cause longer-than-normal heart contractions?
High concentration of calcium ions
Which of the following does not cause an increase in the heart rate?
Parasympathetic nerve stimulation
Which of the following decreases the heart rate?
Parasympathetic nerve stimulation
Which of the following options might help Karyn control her rapid heartbeat without medication?
Vagal maneuvers
For which of the following conditions might the practitioner test given Mr. Johnson's symptoms?
Congestive heart failure
Which medication might the physician prescribe to help lower Mrs. Landon's cholesterol?
Lipitor
What is a bulge or weak area in the wall of the aorta called?
Aneurysm
What is hardening of the fatty plaque deposits within the arteries called?
Atherosclerosis
What regulates blood pressure partly by measuring blood pressure and are located in the aorta and carotid arteries?
Baroreceptors
What is inflammation of the inner lining of the heart called?
Endocarditis
What is the pressure called when the ventricles relax, and blood pressure in arteries is at its lowest?
Diastolic pressure
Fluid retention can cause swelling, or ________, in the legs or feet.
edema
A consistent resting blood pressure measured at 140/90 mm Hg or higher is diagnosed as ________.
hypertension
The atria are separated from each other by a walled membrane known as the ________.
septum
The percentage of red blood cells found in a sample of blood is called the ________.
hematocrit
Plasma makes up what percentage of the blood?
55%
The production of RBCs in the blood is controlled by which hormone?
Erythropoietin
Bacteria and viruses are destroyed by white blood cells called ________.
neutrophils
Parasitic infections can be controlled by which of these WBCs?
Eosinophils
Study Notes
Heart Function and Blood Flow
- The purpose of the four valves of the heart is to ensure one-way blood flow.
- Body cells surrounding capillaries usually have a low oxygen concentration.
- Water is forced through capillary walls by filtration.
Blood Pressure
- In the clinical setting, blood pressure refers to arterial pressure.
- Blood pressure is greatest in the arteries when the ventricles contract.
Cardiac Conduction System
- The bundle of His splits into left and right bundle branches that carry an electrical impulse to the ventricles.
- The SA node is the pacemaker of the heart.
- The AV node receives the impulse from the SA node.
- Purkinje fibers are located in the walls of the ventricles and cause the ventricles to contract.
Heart Structure
- The epicardium is the outermost layer of the heart wall, which contains fat that helps cushion the heart.
- The visceral pericardium lies on top of the epicardium.
- The myocardium is the thickest layer of the heart, which is made up of muscle.
Diseased Conditions and Symptoms
- A myocardial infarction is caused by obstruction of blood flow to the heart muscle.
- Angina is a heart-related cause of chest pain.
- Costochondritis is a condition that causes chest pain only when someone pushes on the chest.
- Pleurisy is a condition that causes chest pain that worsens with coughing or breathing in.
Treatment and Medication
- maze procedure, vagal maneuvers, or increased exercise might help control rapid heartbeat without medication.
- Lipitor might be prescribed to help lower cholesterol levels.
- Increased exercise and a low-fat diet are recommended for patients with coronary artery disease.
Anatomy and Physiology
- The azygos vein removes blood from the thorax and abdomen.
- The iliac vein takes blood to the liver from the intestines.
- Blood leaves the armpits through the axillary veins.
- A consistent resting blood pressure measured at 140/90 mm Hg or higher is diagnosed as hypertension.
- The atria are separated from each other by a walled membrane known as the septum.
- The ventricles of the heart are separated by the interventricular septum.
- The pulmonary circuit is the route that blood takes from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart again.
Blood Composition
- Hematocrit is the percentage of red blood cells found in a sample of blood.
- Plasma makes up approximately 55% of the blood.
- The production of RBCs in the blood is controlled by the hormone erythropoietin.
- Red blood cells live for approximately four months.
Immune System
- Neutrophils destroy bacteria and viruses.
- Eosinophils control parasitic infections.
Test your knowledge of the human body's circulatory system, including the heart valves, blood flow, and capillaries.
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