Human Physiology Quiz

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The ______ is responsible for transporting fatty acids, cholesterol, lipoproteins phosphoglyceride, bilirubin, calcium, steroids hormones, amino acids and drugs.

Albumin

Which of the following statements about blood is correct?

The red color is given by the platelets
The haematocrit is the number of RBC that we have in blood
With a severe anemia, the haematocrit is higher than the normal values
Its medium pH is around 7.4 (correct)
The density of the blood is 2 times more the density of the water

Which of the following statements about blood is false?

Men have a higher amount of RBC than women
About 60% of the blood is plasma and 40% is RBC, but these percentages can vary considerably in different people, depending on gender, weight and other factors.
There is a constant diffusion between plasma and interstitial fluid but also between interstitial fluid and intracellular fluid, which is the major portion of the body fluids
Proteins are in their anionic form in the plasma (correct)
The oncotic pressure helps to maintain the water outside the vessels and it is exerted by the plasma proteins.

Which ion is the regulator of acid-base balance and CO2 transport?

Carbonate (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cell types is the first that can be identified as belonging to the red blood cell series?

Proerythroblast (A) Signup and view all the answers

Where is 90% of Erythropoietin created?

Kidney (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT a typical feature of inflammation?

Vasoconstriction of local blood vessels (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which definition is FALSE?

Opsonization is the selection and phagocytosis process (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about pus formation is CORRECT?

B and c are true (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following properties is NOT a characteristic of the thymus?

As individual ages, it becomes “invisible” on a chest film (A) Signup and view all the answers

The innate immune system has immune memory.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements is INCORRECT about acquired immunity?

In humoral immunity, memory cells are created but not in the cellular immunity. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the complement system's functions is CORRECT?

Viral neutralization (A), Lysis (B), Anaphylactic reaction (C), Opsonization (D), Neutrophil chemotaxis (E) Signup and view all the answers

Which term defines prevention of blood loss?

Hemostasis (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the first cell that can be identified as belonging to the red blood cell series?

Proerythroblast (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the red blood cell series?

Reticulocytes have a nucleus that has been extruded, but still contain a small amount of basophilic material. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is TRUE about the red blood cells?

They are anucleated cells, meaning they lack a nucleus. (A), They are primarily responsible for the transport of carbon dioxide from the lungs to the tissues. (B), They can function as an acid-base buffer. (E) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is TRUE about leukocytes?

Leukocytes are the mobile units of the body's protection system. (A), Leukocytes perform important phagocytic functions at the tissue level. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is TRUE about the chemotactic signal?

Multiple products can trigger chemotaxis towards an inflamed area, but the reaction products of the complement complex are the most dominant. (A), The chemotactic signal depends on the concentration gradient of the chemotactic substance. (E) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of macrophages in the lungs?

Tissue macrophages in the lungs are responsible for phagocytizing particles that become entrapped in the alveoli. If these particles are digestible, the macrophages digest them and release the products to the lymph. If the particles are not digestible, the macrophages form a giant cell capsule around them. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the thymus?

It becomes invisible on a chest film as an individual ages. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the lymph nodes?

The flow of lymph through a node is: afferent lymphatic vessel → subscapular sinus → medullary sinus → trabecular sinus → efferent lymphatic vessel. (A), B cells are concentrated within the paracortex of a lymph node. (B), Lymph nodes are encapsulated and trabeculated secondary lymphoid organs with one afferent vessel and many efferent vessels. (C), The cortex is where T cells migrate. (D), The medulla of a lymph node consists primarily of cords and sinuses. (E) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the innate immune system?

It provides a fast and non-specific response to a wide range of pathogens. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT about acquired immunity?

In humoral immunity, memory cells are created but not in cellular immunity. (C), The secondary response in cellular immunity is much more potent and longer-lasting than the primary response. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is CORRECT about the immune system?

Immune tolerance refers to the absence or limitation of an immune response, preventing the immune system from attacking its own body tissues. (A), Lymphokines are produced by cytotoxic T cells. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms means the prevention of blood loss?

Hemostasis (C) Signup and view all the answers

Where are more than half of the platelets removed by the tissue macrophage system?

Spleen (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical feature of inflammation?

Vasoconstriction of local blood vessels (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the complement system?

Tissue macrophage is the second line of defense against infection. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is TRUE about pus?

Both statements B and C are true. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Where are the lymphocytes found concentrated within a lymph node?

The paracortex (A), The trabeculae (B), The subcapsular sinus (E) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system?

TAP is a protein involved in the transport and loading of peptides onto MHC class I molecules within the endoplasmic reticulum. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a main function of the complement system?

Anaphylactic reaction (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following genes encodes MHC class I molecules?

HLA-A (E) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is CORRECT about the immune response?

Humoral response is developed by B lymphocytes and coordinated by TH2 lymphocytes. (C) Signup and view all the answers

The MHC I is present only on antigen-presenting cells.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the normal electrocardiogram (ECG) is FALSE?

The T wave is a depolarization wave. (E) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the heart is TRUE?

The sinoatrial (SA) node is the pacemaker of the heart in normal conditions, controlling its excitability and conductivity. (E) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the cardiac cycle is TRUE?

The period of rapid ejection and the period of slow ejection occur during diastole. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following valves PREVENTS backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria DURING systole?

Mitral Valve (C), Tricuspid Valve (D) Signup and view all the answers

Explain the Frank-Starling mechanism and its most important features.

The Frank-Starling mechanism is the intrinsic ability of the heart to adapt to increasing volumes of inflowing blood. The heart's contractile force is proportional to the degree of stretch of the heart muscle during diastole. The greater the stretch of the ventricle during filling, the greater the force of contraction and the greater the quantity of blood pumped into the aorta. This mechanism ensures that the heart pumps out the same amount of blood that returns to it, preventing a buildup of blood in the circulatory system. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the heart is TRUE regarding ischemia?

Ischemia is caused by poor coronary blood flow. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the sinoatrial (SA) node is TRUE?

It is located laterally to the inferior vena cava. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures separates the atrial muscle from the ventricular muscle in the heart, except at the AV node?

The AV node (E) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the normal ECG?

During repolarization, the normal negative potential inside the fibers becomes positive inside and negative outside. (C), There is no atrial T wave. (D), Atrial repolarization occurs 0.25-0.35 sec after the P wave. (E) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the vector analysis of potentials in different leads of an electrocardiogram is TRUE?

When the heart vector has almost the same axis as one determined lead, the recording is positive at that lead. (A), When the heart vector has almost the same axis as one determined lead, the entire voltage of the heart vector is recorded at that lead. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the direction of depolarization through the ventricles?

Atrioventricular bundle → left endocardial surface of the septum → both endocardial surfaces of the septum → both ventricular endocardial surfaces → ventricular muscle to the outside. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the circulatory system is TRUE?

The veins act as a storage reservoir for blood. (B), The function of the arteries is to transport blood under high pressures to the tissues. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following vessels has the highest blood pressure?

Celiac artery (A), Left subclavian artery (E) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the nervous control of arterial pressure is FALSE?

The nervous system can cause direct effects on contractile force of the heart muscle. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about baroreceptors is FALSE?

Baroreceptors are present in the aorta, but they are not significant for the overall blood pressure regulation. (E) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a MAIN function of the circulatory system?

Maintenance of the correct environment in all tissue fluids for optimal survival and function of cells (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the average pressure of the aorta?

100 mmHg (C) Signup and view all the answers

Albumin

A protein synthesized by the liver, responsible for maintaining blood colloid osmotic pressure and transporting various substances.

Hemostasis

The process of stopping blood loss, involving vessel constriction, platelet plug formation, and blood clotting.