Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the role of Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) in the body?
What is the role of Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) in the body?
- Promotes the growth of body fluids
- Decreases the rate of neural coordination
- Stimulates the secretion of gonadotrophins (correct)
- Inhibits the release of melatonin
What hormone does the pineal gland secrete?
What hormone does the pineal gland secrete?
- Somatostatin
- Growth hormone
- Melatonin (correct)
- Gonadotrophin
Where is the pineal gland located in the human body?
Where is the pineal gland located in the human body?
- On the dorsal side of the forebrain (correct)
- In the temporal lobe
- Attached to the pituitary gland
- On the ventral side of the hindbrain
Which hormone inhibits the release of growth hormone from the pituitary?
Which hormone inhibits the release of growth hormone from the pituitary?
What does melatonin regulate in the body?
What does melatonin regulate in the body?
What is the function of thymosins secreted by the thymus gland?
What is the function of thymosins secreted by the thymus gland?
Which hormone is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland?
Which hormone is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland?
How does parathyroid hormone (PTH) affect calcium levels in the blood?
How does parathyroid hormone (PTH) affect calcium levels in the blood?
What is a potential consequence of hypothyroidism during pregnancy?
What is a potential consequence of hypothyroidism during pregnancy?
What causes goitre associated with hypothyroidism?
What causes goitre associated with hypothyroidism?
Which gland is responsible for the direct neural regulation of the posterior pituitary?
Which gland is responsible for the direct neural regulation of the posterior pituitary?
What type of hormone is secreted by the parathyroid glands?
What type of hormone is secreted by the parathyroid glands?
What is the anatomical location of the thymus gland?
What is the anatomical location of the thymus gland?
What hormone is primarily responsible for regulating glucose levels in the body?
What hormone is primarily responsible for regulating glucose levels in the body?
What is the main consequence of prolonged hyperglycemia in the body?
What is the main consequence of prolonged hyperglycemia in the body?
Which hormone produced by the kidneys stimulates erythropoiesis?
Which hormone produced by the kidneys stimulates erythropoiesis?
Which type of hormone generates secondary messengers upon binding to its receptor?
Which type of hormone generates secondary messengers upon binding to its receptor?
What role does gastrin play in the gastrointestinal tract?
What role does gastrin play in the gastrointestinal tract?
Which of the following hormones has a function related to kidney function?
Which of the following hormones has a function related to kidney function?
What is a characteristic feature of steroid hormones?
What is a characteristic feature of steroid hormones?
What effect does ANF have on blood pressure?
What effect does ANF have on blood pressure?
What condition is characterized by stunted growth, mental retardation, and low intelligence quotient?
What condition is characterized by stunted growth, mental retardation, and low intelligence quotient?
Which hormone increases blood calcium levels by stimulating reabsorption in the renal tubules?
Which hormone increases blood calcium levels by stimulating reabsorption in the renal tubules?
What is the primary function of glucagon in the body?
What is the primary function of glucagon in the body?
Exopthalmic goitre is a symptom commonly associated with which condition?
Exopthalmic goitre is a symptom commonly associated with which condition?
What type of hormone is insulin classified as?
What type of hormone is insulin classified as?
Which adrenal gland structure secretes catecholamines in response to stress?
Which adrenal gland structure secretes catecholamines in response to stress?
Which of the following statements about the adrenal cortex is true?
Which of the following statements about the adrenal cortex is true?
What role does thyrocalcitonin (TCT) play in the body?
What role does thyrocalcitonin (TCT) play in the body?
Study Notes
Chemical Coordination and Integration
-
Hypothalamus: Produces Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH), stimulating pituitary gonadotrophin release. Somatostatin inhibits growth hormone release.
-
Pituitary Gland: Comprised of anterior (Adenohypophysis) and posterior (Neurohypophysis) lobes. It secretes multiple hormones:
- Growth hormone (GH), Prolactin (PRL), Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
- Luteinizing hormone (LH), Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
- Posterior lobe releases Oxytocin and Vasopressin.
-
Pineal Gland: Located in the forebrain; secretes melatonin, regulating diurnal rhythms and influencing sleep patterns.
-
Thymus: Situated between the lungs; critical for immune system development. Secretes thymosins, promoting T-lymphocyte differentiation for cell-mediated immunity.
-
Thyroid Gland: Consists of two lobes near the trachea.
- Synthesizes thyrocalcitonin (TCT) to regulate blood calcium levels.
- Iodine deficiency causes hypothyroidism, leading to goitre and developmental defects. Exophthalmic goitre (Graves' disease) indicates hyperthyroidism with symptoms of increased metabolism and weight loss.
-
Parathyroid Gland: Secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH), which elevates blood calcium levels. PTH promotes bone resorption and enhances renal and digestive calcium absorption.
-
Adrenal Gland: Contains adrenal medulla and cortex.
- Medulla: Releases adrenaline and norepinephrine, responsible for fight-or-flight response.
- Cortex: Produces corticosteroids, with cortisol as the main glucocorticoid; regulates metabolism and electrolytes. Aldosterone controls sodium and potassium balance.
-
Pancreas: Hosts Islets of Langerhans with α-cells (glucagon) and β-cells (insulin).
- Glucagon raises blood sugar by stimulating glycogenolysis in liver cells.
- Insulin lowers blood sugar by enhancing glucose uptake and conversion to glycogen.
Hormones of Other Organs
- Heart: Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF) reduces blood pressure.
- Kidney: Erythropoietin stimulates red blood cell production.
- Gastrointestinal Tract:
- Gastrin promotes HCl and pepsinogen secretion.
- Secretin stimulates bicarbonate and water secretion.
- Cholecystokinin (CCK) enhances pancreatic enzyme and bile secretion.
- Gastrointestinal Inhibitory Peptide (GIP) inhibits gastric activities.
Mechanism of Hormone Action
- Protein Hormones: Water-soluble, generate second messengers (e.g., cyclic AMP) upon binding to plasma membrane receptors (e.g., insulin, glucagon).
- Steroid Hormones: Lipid-soluble, directly regulate gene expression without forming secondary messengers (e.g., cortisol, testosterone).
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge of human physiology with this concise quiz. Covering key concepts and essential information, these one-page notes will help you prepare efficiently. Challenge yourself and enhance your understanding of human body functions.
