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What is cell physiology?
What is cell physiology?
Cell physiology is the study of the cells that make up human organs. It's important to understand how these cells function and how they interact with each other to create complex human physiology.
What are the major systems covered in the study of human physiology?
What are the major systems covered in the study of human physiology?
The circulatory system, digestive/excretory system, endocrine system, musculoskeletal system, nervous system, renal/urinary system, reproductive system, and respiratory system.
The cell is the basic living unit of the body.
The cell is the basic living unit of the body.
True
What are the two major parts of a typical cell?
What are the two major parts of a typical cell?
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What are the five basic substances that protoplasm is composed of?
What are the five basic substances that protoplasm is composed of?
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What is the name given to the highly organized physical structures within a cell?
What is the name given to the highly organized physical structures within a cell?
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The cell membrane is a thick and rigid structure.
The cell membrane is a thick and rigid structure.
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What is the cell membrane also known as?
What is the cell membrane also known as?
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The cell membrane is composed of proteins and lipids.
The cell membrane is composed of proteins and lipids.
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Which of these is NOT a function of membrane proteins?
Which of these is NOT a function of membrane proteins?
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What are the two main types of membrane proteins?
What are the two main types of membrane proteins?
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Which of these is NOT a method of transport across a plasma membrane?
Which of these is NOT a method of transport across a plasma membrane?
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Passive transport requires energy from the cell.
Passive transport requires energy from the cell.
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What type of transport involves movement of molecules across a membrane using carrier proteins?
What type of transport involves movement of molecules across a membrane using carrier proteins?
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What is the name given to the movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration?
What is the name given to the movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration?
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Two solutions that have the same concentration of solutes are considered hypertonic.
Two solutions that have the same concentration of solutes are considered hypertonic.
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Cells in a hypertonic solution will swell and potentially burst.
Cells in a hypertonic solution will swell and potentially burst.
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What is the primary characteristic of active transport across the cell membrane?
What is the primary characteristic of active transport across the cell membrane?
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What is the process called when very large particles enter a cell?
What is the process called when very large particles enter a cell?
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Which of these is NOT a type of endocytosis?
Which of these is NOT a type of endocytosis?
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Pinocytosis is the process of cell 'drinking' small droplets of fluid.
Pinocytosis is the process of cell 'drinking' small droplets of fluid.
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Phagocytosis is important for the destruction of harmful bacteria.
Phagocytosis is important for the destruction of harmful bacteria.
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What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?
What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?
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Which type of endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for protein synthesis?
Which type of endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for protein synthesis?
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What is the role of the Golgi apparatus?
What is the role of the Golgi apparatus?
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What is the primary function of lysosomes?
What is the primary function of lysosomes?
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What is the main function of mitochondria?
What is the main function of mitochondria?
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What is the function of the nucleus?
What is the function of the nucleus?
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Study Notes
Cell Physiology
- Human physiology studies the organs and their cellular makeup
- Understanding human physiology is useful in various fields, like medicine and biology
What is Physiology?
- Physiology examines how body organs and systems work, communicate, and collaborate to maintain life
- It investigates organism function and relationships with the external world
Major Systems Studied
- Circulatory
- Digestive/Excretory
- Endocrine
- Musculoskeletal
- Nervous
- Renal/Urinary
- Reproductive
- Respiratory
Cell Structure
- The cell is the basic living unit of the body
- Each organ is made up of multiple cells supported by intercellular structures
- Cells perform specific tasks based on unique adaptations
Organization of a Cell
- The typical cell, when viewed microscopically, shows a nucleus separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear membrane
- The cytoplasm is separated from surrounding fluids by a plasma membrane
- The combined substances of the nucleus and cytoplasm are known as protoplasm; a main component consisting of water, electrolytes, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates
Cell Physical Structure
- Cells contain highly organized physical structures (organelles) alongside fluids, enzymes, and chemicals
- Organelle structure is as important to cellular function as its chemical makeup
- A diagram of the cell and its organelles commonly illustrates cell function
Cell Membrane
- The cell membrane (plasma membrane) is a flexible, thin structure, typically 7.5-10 nanometers thick
- Composed primarily of proteins and lipids
- The lipid-to-protein ratio varies depending on the cell type's function and is usually depicted graphically in a diagram
- The membrane's fluidity is regulated by cholesterol and phospholipids
- Phospholipids have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, positioning them in a double layer to regulate the fluids entering and leaving the cell
Membrane Proteins
- Membrane proteins perform various functions within the cell
- Structural proteins provide support
- Carrier proteins transport substances across the membrane
- Pump proteins move ions against concentration gradients
- Channel proteins create pathways for ion movement
- Enzyme proteins catalyze chemical reactions
- Receptor proteins bind to specific molecules
- Glycoproteins are proteins with carbohydrate chains
Passive Transport
- Molecules move across the cell membrane from higher concentration to lower concentration (downhill)
- Passive transport includes simple diffusion, where the size molecule is smaller than the pores, and facilitated diffusion, where a carrier protein assist with molecules too large to fit through simple pores.
- Passive transport does not require energy
Active Transport
- Movement of molecules from lower to higher concentration (uphill) requires energy
- Examples include Na+-K+ ATPase, a specific carrier protein
Transport of Large Molecules
- Very large molecules cannot cross membrane pores; specialized transport mechanisms are required
- These pathways include endocytosis (a general term for large molecule transport using the cell membrane), pinocytosis (cell drinking), and phagocytosis (cell eating)
Factors Influencing Passive Transport
- Solubility
- Molecular size
- Molecular charge
- Concentration gradient
- Surface area of diffusion
Osmosis
- Osmosis describes the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane to equalize solute concentrations on either side of the membrane
- Isotonic solutions maintain the same solute concentration inside and outside cells, no net movement of water occurs
- Hypertonic solutions contain more solute than inside the cell causing water to move out of the cell
- Hypotonic solutions contain less solute than inside the cell causing water to move into the cell, possible cell rupture.
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of human physiology, including the cellular structures that make up organs and systems. This quiz covers major physiological systems like circulatory and respiratory, as well as the importance of cells in maintaining life functions.
