Human Physiology Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is cell physiology?

Cell physiology is the study of the cells that make up human organs. It's important to understand how these cells function and how they interact with each other to create complex human physiology.

What are the major systems covered in the study of human physiology?

The circulatory system, digestive/excretory system, endocrine system, musculoskeletal system, nervous system, renal/urinary system, reproductive system, and respiratory system.

The cell is the basic living unit of the body.

True

What are the two major parts of a typical cell?

<p>The nucleus and the cytoplasm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the five basic substances that protoplasm is composed of?

<p>Water, electrolytes, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name given to the highly organized physical structures within a cell?

<p>Organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cell membrane is a thick and rigid structure.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cell membrane also known as?

<p>The plasma membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cell membrane is composed of proteins and lipids.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a function of membrane proteins?

<p>Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of membrane proteins?

<p>Integral proteins and peripheral proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a method of transport across a plasma membrane?

<p>Hydrolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Passive transport requires energy from the cell.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of transport involves movement of molecules across a membrane using carrier proteins?

<p>Facilitated diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name given to the movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration?

<p>Osmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Two solutions that have the same concentration of solutes are considered hypertonic.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cells in a hypertonic solution will swell and potentially burst.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of active transport across the cell membrane?

<p>Active transport requires the cell to expend energy to move molecules against their concentration gradient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when very large particles enter a cell?

<p>Endocytosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a type of endocytosis?

<p>Exocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pinocytosis is the process of cell 'drinking' small droplets of fluid.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phagocytosis is important for the destruction of harmful bacteria.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?

<p>The endoplasmic reticulum is involved in the synthesis of proteins and lipids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for protein synthesis?

<p>Rough endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Golgi apparatus?

<p>The Golgi apparatus processes and packages proteins and lipids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of lysosomes?

<p>Lysosomes are responsible for breaking down waste materials and cellular debris within the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of mitochondria?

<p>Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell, producing energy in the form of ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the nucleus?

<p>The nucleus serves as the cell's control center, containing DNA that provides instructions for the cell's activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Physiology

  • Human physiology studies the organs and their cellular makeup
  • Understanding human physiology is useful in various fields, like medicine and biology

What is Physiology?

  • Physiology examines how body organs and systems work, communicate, and collaborate to maintain life
  • It investigates organism function and relationships with the external world

Major Systems Studied

  • Circulatory
  • Digestive/Excretory
  • Endocrine
  • Musculoskeletal
  • Nervous
  • Renal/Urinary
  • Reproductive
  • Respiratory

Cell Structure

  • The cell is the basic living unit of the body
  • Each organ is made up of multiple cells supported by intercellular structures
  • Cells perform specific tasks based on unique adaptations

Organization of a Cell

  • The typical cell, when viewed microscopically, shows a nucleus separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear membrane
  • The cytoplasm is separated from surrounding fluids by a plasma membrane
  • The combined substances of the nucleus and cytoplasm are known as protoplasm; a main component consisting of water, electrolytes, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates

Cell Physical Structure

  • Cells contain highly organized physical structures (organelles) alongside fluids, enzymes, and chemicals
  • Organelle structure is as important to cellular function as its chemical makeup
  • A diagram of the cell and its organelles commonly illustrates cell function

Cell Membrane

  • The cell membrane (plasma membrane) is a flexible, thin structure, typically 7.5-10 nanometers thick
  • Composed primarily of proteins and lipids
  • The lipid-to-protein ratio varies depending on the cell type's function and is usually depicted graphically in a diagram
  • The membrane's fluidity is regulated by cholesterol and phospholipids
  • Phospholipids have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, positioning them in a double layer to regulate the fluids entering and leaving the cell

Membrane Proteins

  • Membrane proteins perform various functions within the cell
  • Structural proteins provide support
  • Carrier proteins transport substances across the membrane
  • Pump proteins move ions against concentration gradients
  • Channel proteins create pathways for ion movement
  • Enzyme proteins catalyze chemical reactions
  • Receptor proteins bind to specific molecules
  • Glycoproteins are proteins with carbohydrate chains

Passive Transport

  • Molecules move across the cell membrane from higher concentration to lower concentration (downhill)
  • Passive transport includes simple diffusion, where the size molecule is smaller than the pores, and facilitated diffusion, where a carrier protein assist with molecules too large to fit through simple pores.
  • Passive transport does not require energy

Active Transport

  • Movement of molecules from lower to higher concentration (uphill) requires energy
  • Examples include Na+-K+ ATPase, a specific carrier protein

Transport of Large Molecules

  • Very large molecules cannot cross membrane pores; specialized transport mechanisms are required
  • These pathways include endocytosis (a general term for large molecule transport using the cell membrane), pinocytosis (cell drinking), and phagocytosis (cell eating)

Factors Influencing Passive Transport

  • Solubility
  • Molecular size
  • Molecular charge
  • Concentration gradient
  • Surface area of diffusion

Osmosis

  • Osmosis describes the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane to equalize solute concentrations on either side of the membrane
  • Isotonic solutions maintain the same solute concentration inside and outside cells, no net movement of water occurs
  • Hypertonic solutions contain more solute than inside the cell causing water to move out of the cell
  • Hypotonic solutions contain less solute than inside the cell causing water to move into the cell, possible cell rupture.

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Medical Physiology - Cell Physiology (PDF)

Description

Explore the fundamentals of human physiology, including the cellular structures that make up organs and systems. This quiz covers major physiological systems like circulatory and respiratory, as well as the importance of cells in maintaining life functions.

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