Review quiz 5/6

Hormones and Fluid Balance

• Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), Aldosterone, and Natriuretic peptides (ANP and BNP) mediate fluid and electrolyte balance.
• ADH stimulates water reabsorption in the kidneys' collecting ducts, regulating water balance and concentrating urine.
• Aldosterone promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion to regulate blood pressure and fluid balance.

Fluid Compartments

• The body's fluid compartments include intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF), which includes plasma and interstitial fluid.
• Major ICF cation: Potassium (K+)
• Major ICF anions: Proteins and Phosphate (PO4-)
• Major ECF cation: Sodium (Na+)
• Major ECF anions: Chloride (Cl-) and Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

Acids and Bases

• An acid is a substance that can donate a hydrogen ion (H+).
• A base is a substance that can accept a hydrogen ion (H+).

Buffers

• A buffer is a solution that resists changes in pH when acids or bases are added, maintaining a stable pH in the body.

Lipid Metabolism

• HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) transports cholesterol from cells and tissues back to the liver for disposal, considered "good" cholesterol.
• LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein) carries cholesterol from the liver to cells and tissues, considered "bad" cholesterol.

Gluconeogenesis

• Gluconeogenesis is the metabolic process by which glucose is synthesized from non-carbohydrate sources, using amino acids, glycerol, and lactate.

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

• Renin, secreted by juxtaglomerular cells, converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I, then angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor.
• Aldosterone promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion to regulate blood pressure and fluid balance.

Nephron Function

• In the nephron's loop of Henle, the descending limb is permeable to water, while the ascending limb is impermeable to water.

Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)

• SIADH is a condition where excessive ADH is released, leading to water retention, dilutional hyponatremia, and concentrated urine.

Diabetes Insipidus

• Diabetes insipidus is a disorder characterized by an insufficiency of ADH, leading to polyuria and polydipsia, resulting in dilute urine and increased plasma osmolality.