Human Physiology Chapter on Kidney Function

<p>Henle's loop (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thin segment lined by squamous cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Collecting ducts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Renal corpuscle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It involves active and passive transport of substances (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ammonia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Urea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Uric acid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through the lungs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ammonotelism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cartilaginous fishes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Non-nitrogenous waste (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excretion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protonephridia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Purines (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Uric acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lungfishes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osmoregulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Most insects and birds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They excrete ammonia. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ammonia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excretion of nitrogenous waste and osmoregulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Uricotelism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Malpighian tubules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Less toxic and more soluble (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prawn (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nephrostome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Uric acid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Angiotensin II (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Act as a vasodilator (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Signals from sensory stretch receptors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Detrusor muscle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>After filling with about 500 ml of urine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulates relaxation of the detrusor muscle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Urinary bladder (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibition of the pudendal nerve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Urochrome from the breakdown of hemoglobin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypotonic urine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Urea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Filter out nitrogenous wastes from the blood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Urine becomes hypertonic and darker (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxalic acid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increase urine volume by enhancing secretion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of removing metabolic waste products from the body.

The removal of undigested food and other waste products from the digestive tract.

A toxic form of nitrogenous waste produced from protein breakdown. It's highly soluble in water, making it difficult to store in the body.

A nitrogenous waste product that is less toxic than ammonia. It's formed in the liver and is excreted in urine.

A nitrogenous waste product that is the least toxic of the three. It's almost insoluble in water and is excreted in feces.

The primary non-nitrogenous waste product in the human body. It's eliminated through the lungs during respiration.

A process that helps maintain the balance of water and electrolytes in the body.

The process of maintaining a stable internal environment in the body, despite changes in the external environment.

Animals that excrete ammonia as their primary nitrogenous waste product.

The process of excreting ammonia as the primary nitrogenous waste product. Common in aquatic animals.

Animals that excrete urea as their primary nitrogenous waste product.

The process of excreting urea as the primary nitrogenous waste product. Common in terrestrial animals.

Animals that excrete uric acid as their primary nitrogenous waste product.

The process of excreting uric acid as the primary nitrogenous waste product. Common in birds and reptiles.

A simple excretory system found in some invertebrates like flatworms. It consists of a network of tubules with flame cells.

Specialized cells in protonephridia, containing cilia that create a current to draw water into the tubules.

A network of canals that form the excretory system in roundworms. The canals are connected by a bridge called canaliculi.

A bridge-like structure that connects the canals of the renette system. Located beneath the pharynx.

Excretory organs in earthworms. They have a funnel-shaped opening called a nephrostome and drain waste through a nephridiopore.

Excretory organs found in insects. Group of tubes that connect to the digestive system.

Excretory organs in crustaceans. They function in both excretion and osmoregulation.

The highly coiled network of tubules that starts after Bowman's capsule and is responsible for active absorption and secretion of materials from the glomerular filtrate.

Specialized cuboidal epithelial cells that line the PCT. They have long microvilli to increase surface area for maximum reabsorption.

The hairpin-shaped loop that connects the PCT to the DCT. It has a descending limb and an ascending limb.

The part of Henle's Loop that descends into the medulla, where water reabsorption occurs.

The part of Henle's Loop that ascends back towards the cortex, responsible for active salt reabsorption.

A specialized region of the DCT near the malpighian corpuscle, sensitive to changes in NaCl.

Large tubules that collect filtered fluid from multiple nephrons before sending it to the renal pelvis.

The main urine-carrying tubes that empty into the renal pelvis and eventually lead to the ureter.

The involuntary process of emptying the urinary bladder, controlled by a reflex triggered by bladder distension.

A pigment produced by the breakdown of hemoglobin from worn-out red blood cells, responsible for the yellow color of urine.

Substances that increase urine formation, promoting water excretion from the body. Used to treat conditions like high blood pressure and edema.

The process of removing waste products like urea and creatinine from the blood, ensuring proper blood composition and preventing buildup of harmful substances.

Abnormal components found in urine, often indicating metabolic disorders or kidney dysfunction. Examples include glucose, albumin, and blood cells.

The ability of the kidneys to control the balance of sodium and potassium ions in the body, crucial for nerve and muscle function.

The process of releasing urine from the urinary bladder, involving both voluntary and involuntary muscle control.

A hormone produced by the walls of the atria of the heart in response to an increase in blood volume and pressure. It helps regulate blood volume and pressure by acting as a vasodilator, inhibiting renin release, and reducing aldosterone secretion.

The expansion of blood vessels, resulting in a decrease in blood pressure.

A complex hormonal system that regulates blood pressure and volume by controlling the constriction and dilation of blood vessels, the reabsorption of sodium and water, and the release of aldosterone.

The specialized region in the kidney that senses changes in blood pressure and salt levels.

The smooth muscle in the wall of the urinary bladder, responsible for contracting to expel urine during micturition.

The internal sphincter of the urinary bladder, which controls the involuntary release of urine. It is under autonomic nervous system control.

The external sphincter of the urinary bladder, which controls the voluntary release of urine. It is under the control of the central nervous system.