Human Physiology Chapter 5

A condition where the body's pH is too low, often caused by an accumulation of carbon dioxide in the blood.

A condition where the body's pH is too high, often caused by excessive breathing (hyperventilation) which leads to a loss of carbon dioxide.

This indicates a problem with how the body regulates its acid-base balance, resulting in an overly acidic state.

This indicates a problem with how the body regulates its acid-base balance, resulting in an overly alkaline state.

A condition where the blood's pH is low due to an accumulation of acid. It's often found in emergency situations like pulmonary edema, where breathing is compromised.

A condition where the blood's pH is high due to excessive breathing, leading to a loss of CO2. Anxiety and hyperventilation can cause this.

Inflammation of a vein, often caused by IV fluid leaking into the surrounding tissue.

A condition where IV fluid leaks into the surrounding tissue. The IV site area will often appear swollen and cool to the touch.

A test used to assess a patient's kidney function by evaluating their response to a rapid fluid infusion, often normal saline solution.

A fluid challenge is used to determine if the cause of oliguria (decreased urine output) is due to reduced renal blood flow or decreased renal function.

Reduced renal blood flow, often caused by dehydration, results in a decrease in urine output, but the kidneys are still functioning.

Decreased renal function indicates damage to the kidney itself, resulting in reduced urine output.

A fluid challenge is typically administered by giving 100-200 mL of normal saline solution over 15 minutes.

A positive response to a fluid challenge indicates the kidneys are functioning and the oliguria was caused by reduced renal blood flow, typically due to dehydration.

A negative response to a fluid challenge suggests the oliguria is due to impaired kidney function, indicating potential kidney damage.

A fluid challenge is used to investigate and differentiate the cause of oliguria, not as a treatment for hypertension-induced oliguria.

Confusion in elderly patients can be a subtle sign of fluid imbalances, not necessarily due to medication or a need for hospitalization.

A low urine output after a fall may indicate the body is activating its stress response, leading to fluid retention.

A patient is said to be oriented if they understand their name, location, and current time.

A patient is described as 'alert' when they are awake, responsive, and able to interact with the environment.

Pupils that react to light and adjust to focus on objects at different distances are considered reactive.

The reninangiotensinaldosterone system (RAAS) is a complex chain reaction of hormone-like substances that the body releases to regulate blood pressure and fluid balance.

It is activated when the body senses a drop in blood pressure or blood volume.

The RAAS gets triggered when there is a decrease in blood flow to the kidneys, prompting the release of renin.

Renin acts as a catalyst, ultimately leading to the production of angiotensin II, a powerful vasoconstrictor. This causes blood vessels to narrow, which increases blood pressure.

A process where energy is used to move substances across a membrane against their concentration gradient.

The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration.

A force exerted by the heart that pushes water and electrolytes from the arterial capillary bed into the interstitial fluid.

Specialized receptors in the left atrium, carotid, and aortic arches that respond to changes in blood volume and regulate sympathetic and parasympathetic activity.

A type of medication used to break apart gas bubbles in the gastrointestinal (GI) system, providing relief from gas and bloating.

A condition where the body's pH is too high (alkaline), often caused by excessive loss of acids, such as those in the stomach.

Involves providing nutrition directly into the bloodstream, bypassing the digestive tract. It's a lifeline for severely malnourished individuals or those with compromised digestive systems.

A condition characterized by low levels of phosphate in the blood. This can be caused by various factors, including malnutrition, fasting, and aggressive TPN initiation.

It's essential to introduce TPN gradually, especially in malnourished patients, to prevent sudden shifts in phosphate levels and the risk of hypophosphatemia.

Foods high in phosphate help increase blood phosphate levels. Some examples include dairy products, red meat, and nuts.

An inflammation of a vein, often caused by irritation from an IV catheter. Symptoms can include redness, swelling, and pain at the IV site.

This occurs when IV fluids leak into the surrounding tissue. Signs include swelling, coolness, and pain at the IV site.

A brief twitch of the upper lip, nose, or side of the face, often indicating low levels of calcium (hypocalcemia) or magnesium (hypomagnesemia) in the blood.

A condition characterized by a lower-than-normal level of calcium in the blood.

A condition characterized by a lower-than-normal level of magnesium in the blood.

A surgical procedure performed in an operating room (OR) under general anesthesia, where the surgeon removes implanted metal hardware from a patient's body.

A potentially dangerous complication that can occur during surgery under general anesthesia, especially in the elderly, characterized by a decrease in body temperature.

A specialized nurse who assists the surgical team in the operating room, responsible for coordinating the movement of personnel and ensuring a safe, sterile environment.

A type of surgery performed on the abdomen to deliver a baby through an incision in the uterus.

The primary responsibility of a circulating nurse during a surgical procedure, including documenting patient information, verifying consent, and ensuring the availability of necessary equipment and supplies.