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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the nervous tissue in the human body?
What is the main characteristic that distinguishes endocrine glands from exocrine glands?
Which of the following is NOT a function of epithelial tissue?
What is the term for the process by which a stable internal environment is maintained despite changes in the external environment?
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What is the term for a cavity within the body that encloses internal organ systems?
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Which of the following types of cells are mainly found in bacteria?
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What is the primary function of the Circulatory system?
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What is the smallest unit of organization in the human body?
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Which system is responsible for regulating other body systems?
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What is the primary function of the Urinary system?
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Study Notes
Physiology
- Physiology is the study of how the human body works (normal function) and describes the chemistry and physics behind basic body functions.
- It focuses on how organisms, organ systems, individual organs, cells, and biomolecules in the body carry out two types of functions: chemical and physical.
Organization of the Human Body
- The human body is organized into:
- Organ systems: groups of organs that perform specific functions (e.g. cardiovascular, respiratory, urinary)
- Organs: structures that perform associated functions (e.g. kidneys, heart, liver)
- Tissues: groups of identical cells that perform related functions (e.g. muscles, epithelial)
- Cells: basic units of life with various organelles with specific functions
- Organelles: tiny structures with specific functions (e.g. nucleus, mitochondria)
- Macromolecules: large molecules found in some organelles (e.g. glycoproteins, DNA)
- Molecules: small molecules made from various atoms (e.g. water)
- Atoms: smallest units of living and non-living matter (e.g. Na, K, Ca)
Organ Systems
- Major organ systems in the human body include:
- Integumentary: skin, hair, nails; function: protection, thermoregulation
- Nervous: brain, spinal cord, nerves; function: regulation of other body systems
- Endocrine: hormone-secreting glands; function: secretion of regulatory molecules called hormones
- Skeletal: bones, cartilages; function: movement and support
- Muscular: skeletal muscles; function: movement of the skeleton
- Circulatory: heart, blood vessels; function: transport of oxygen and nutrients
- Immune: bone marrow, lymphoid organs; function: defense against pathogens
- Respiratory: lungs, airways; function: gas exchange
- Urinary: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder; function: regulation of blood composition
- Digestive: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver, pancreas; function: breakdown of nutrients
- Reproductive: gonads, external genitalia, associated glands; function: continuation of the human species
Tissue Types
- There are four major types of tissues in the human body:
- Epithelial: covers body surfaces and lines body cavities
- Connective: binds and supports body parts
- Muscular: causes body parts to move
- Nervous: responds to stimuli and transmits impulses from one body part to another
Epithelial Tissue
- Epithelial tissue has four functions:
- Protection
- Secretion
- Absorption
- Ion transport
- Glands are epithelial cells that make and secrete a water-based substance with proteins.
- Types of glands:
- Endocrine glands: secrete products directly into the bloodstream
- Exocrine glands: secrete substances onto body surfaces or into body cavities via a duct
Homeostasis
- Homeostasis is the process by which a stable internal environment is maintained despite changes in the external environment.
- Deviation from homeostasis leads to disease.
- Important variables within the body that must stay within certain ranges include:
- Blood sugar
- Fluid balance
- Body temperature
- Oxygen levels
- Blood pressure
- pH
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Description
Learn about the study of human body functions, including organ systems, cells and biomolecules, and their chemical and physical processes.
