Ex.physiology 6,7
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Questions and Answers

Which hormone increases the sensitivity of the respiratory center to CO2 during pregnancy?

  • Testosterone
  • Progesterone (correct)
  • Estrogen
  • Oxytocin

    • During pregnancy, maternal body weight decreases the economy of movement.

    False

    What are the two major adjustments of blood flow during exercise?

    Increased cardiac output and redistribution of blood flow

    The circulatory system protects the body from __________ and infection.

    <p>blood loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Cardiac Output = The amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute External Regulation = Mediated by circulating catecholamines and nervous input Homeostasis = Maintenance of stable internal conditions Intrinsic Regulation = Mediated by the heart itself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the activity factor for someone who is considered 'moderately active'?

    <p>1.55</p> Signup and view all the answers

    John's basal metabolic rate (BMR) is calculated using the Harris-Benedict Equation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calculate John's Total Daily Energy Expenditure (TDEE).

    <p>2990</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To convert pounds to kilograms, divide your weight in pounds by _____.

    <p>2.2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following activity levels with their corresponding activity factors:

    <p>Sedentary = 1.2 Lightly Active = 1.375 Moderately Active = 1.55 Very Active = 1.725</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What will John need to do to maintain his current weight?

    <p>Consume about 2990 calories daily</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pregnancy compromises aerobic capacity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors affect energy expenditure?

    <p>Physical Activity, Climate, Dietary-induced thermogenesis, Body size, Pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two components of the thermic effect of a meal?

    <p>Obligatory and facultative thermogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors does NOT determine Total Daily Energy Expenditure (TDEE)?

    <p>Age of the individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Facultative thermogenesis peaks within 10–30 minutes after a meal.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the energy expenditure of an activity performed for a specified period of time?

    <p>Caloric cost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The average oxygen consumption for Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) ranges between 300 and 400 mL/min.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Frank-Starling Law of the Heart primarily related to?

    <p>Increase in atrial filling and muscle fiber length</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Central Command is involved in the feedback mechanism that stimulates both the motor and cardiovascular centers.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The caloric equivalent varies from __ kcal·L−1 O2 at an RER of 0.7.

    <p>4.686</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does RDEE stand for?

    <p>Resting Daily Energy Expenditure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the macronutrients with their efficiency in using oxygen to provide energy.

    <p>Carbohydrates = Most efficient Fat = Moderately efficient Protein = Least efficient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The equation used to estimate Resting Daily Energy Expenditure is the _______ equation.

    <p>Harris-Benedict</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the baroreflex play in cardiovascular responses?

    <p>The baroreflex helps regulate blood pressure by adjusting heart rate and vessel diameter in response to changes in blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ regulates cardiac output by sensing changes in blood pressure.

    <p>baroreflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is energy expenditure during physical activity calculated?

    <p>By finding the caloric equivalent and multiplying by the exercise duration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following mechanisms with their descriptions:

    <p>Intrinsic Regulation = Regulates heart's own pumping capacity based on muscle fiber length Extrinsic Regulation = Involves external signals that modulate heart and vessels Exercise Pressor Reflex = Activates cardiovascular responses during physical activity Central Command = Stimulates cardiovascular centers before exercise begins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Protein is the most efficient macronutrient in terms of energy expenditure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A male weighing 90.9 kg with a body fat percentage of 21% has an estimated Fat-Free Body Mass (FFM) of?

    <p>71.7 kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The thermogenic influence of food does not affect energy expenditure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The caloric equivalent at an RER of 1.0 is __ kcal·L−1 O2.

    <p>5.047</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors can predict Resting Daily Energy Expenditure (RDEE)?

    <p>Body mass (BM), stature (S in centimeters), and age (A in years)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary factor causes an increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP) during exercise?

    <p>Increase in cardiac output (Q)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diastolic blood pressure does not change during submaximal dynamic exercise.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating resistance in blood vessels?

    <p>Resistance = Length x Viscosity / Radius^4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pressure rate product (RPP) is determined by heart rate and __________.

    <p>systolic blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of aerobic exercise with their descriptions:

    <p>Short-term aerobic exercise = 5-10 minutes, light to moderate intensity Long-term aerobic exercise = More than 30 minutes, moderate to heavy intensity Incremental aerobic exercise = Increasing intensity from 30% to 100% VO2max Upper-body aerobic exercise = Greater blood pressure response than lower-body exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors does NOT affect vascular resistance?

    <p>Heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Upper body exercise typically results in a smaller blood pressure response compared to leg exercises.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an increase in cardiac output (Q) lead to during prolonged exercise?

    <p>Decrease in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and total peripheral resistance (TPR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Course Information

    • Course name: Exercise Physiology
    • Course code: DPT-213

    Learning Outcomes

    • Identify concepts of total daily energy expenditure (TDEE)
    • Explain effect of body weight on energy cost of physical activity

    Total Daily Energy Expenditure (TDEE)

    • Determined by three factors:
      • Resting metabolic rate (RMR)
      • Thermogenic influence of consumed food
      • Energy expended during physical activity

    Energy Expenditure During Physical Activity

    • Total energy expenditure = Basal Metabolism + Digestion (thermic effect of food) + Physical Activity

    Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

    • Minimum energy needed to sustain body functions in waking state
    • Oxygen consumption values for BMR usually range between 160 and 290 mL/min (0.8 to 1.43 kCal/min)

    Resting Daily Energy Expenditure (RDEE)

    • Can be predicted using models
    • Models include body mass (BM), stature (S), and age (A)
    • Equations exist to calculate RDEE for women and men
    • Harris-Benedict Equation used for calculations during 24 hours

    Activity Examples

    • BM = 62.7 kg, S = 172.5 cm, A = 22.4 years

    Estimation of RDEE Based on Fat-Free Body Mass (FFM)

    • Generalized equation applicable to males and females: RDEE (kCal) = 370 + 21.6 (FFM, kg)
    • Example: A male weighing 90.9 kg at 21% body fat has an estimated FFM of 71.7 kg.

    Dietary-induced Thermogenesis

    • Total energy expenditure = Basal Metabolism + Digestion (thermic effect of food) + Physical Activity

    Thermic Effect of a Meal

    • Two components:
      • Obligatory thermogenesis (digestion and absorption; synthesis of protein, fat, and carbohydrate)
      • Facultative thermogenesis (peaks in 30-90 minutes; depends on size and content of meal, attributed to sympathetic nervous system activity)

    Estimation of Caloric Expenditure

    • Caloric equivalent: kilocalories produced per liter of oxygen consumed
    • Caloric cost: energy expenditure of an activity for a specified period of time
    • Expressed as total calories (kcal), calories or kilojoules per minute (kcal·min-¹ or kJ-min-¹), relative to body weight (kcal-kg-1·min-1 or kJ-kg-1·min-¹)

    Five-Level Classification of Physical Activity Based on Energy Expenditure

    • Table showing energy expenditure levels in kcal/min-1,L/min-1, mLkg-1·min-1 and METS for both men and women

    Estimation of Caloric Expenditure

    • Carbohydrates are most efficient in oxygen use for energy production, followed by fat, then protein

    Estimation of Caloric Expenditure

    • Factors determining the caloric cost of activity include the amount of oxygen consumed, and the caloric equivalent.
    • Calculation example to determine the energy expenditure of activity.

    Cardiovascular Responses: Integration of Exercise Response

    • Complex, fast, and finely tuned
    • First priority: maintenance of blood pressure
    • Blood flow maintained only as long as BP is stable

    Cardiovascular variables

    • HR (Heart Rate)
    • SV (Stroke Volume)
    • BP (Blood Pressure - SBP & DBP)
    • TPR (Total Peripheral Resistance)
    • Q (Cardiac output)
    • RPP (Rate Pressure product)

    Exercise Physiology for Health, Fitness, and Performance

    • Written by Sharon A. Plowman and Denise L. Smith
    • Published in the 3rd edition - Chapter 4 (pp. 105-108)
    • Published in the 3rd edition - Chapter 12

    Exercise Physiology: Nutrition, Energy, and Human Performance

    • Written by William D. McArdle, Frank I. Katch, and Victor L. Katch
    • Pages in the book, Chapter 8 and 9

    Measurement of energy expenditure during exertion

    • Calculating the energy expenditure of physical activity

    Gross versus Net Energy Expenditure

    • Gross expenditure or total values include resting energy requirement during the activity phase
    • Net expenditure reflects the energy cost of the activity, excluding resting metabolism, over an equivalent time period

    Field Estimates of gross Energy Expenditure during Exercise

    • Calculation example for walking at a 20 min mi-1 pace (3 mi hr-1) - velocity is 80.4 m·min-1
    • Walking oxygen consumption is 11.54 mL-kg-1-min-1

    Problem solving examples

    • Determining the number of kilocalories expended for various exercises

    The Metabolic Equivalent (MET)

    • Acronym for Metabolic Equivalent
    • Represents the average seated rest energy cost for adults
    • Set at 3.5 ml·kg-¹.min-1 of oxygen, or 1 kcal.kg-1.hr-1
    • Used by exercise physiologists and physicians for metabolic equivalent values

    Cardiac Output (Q)

    • Q = HR x SV
    • Increases with intensity, plateaus near VO2 max
    • Normal values:
      • Resting Q ~5 L/min
      • Untrained Q max ~20 L/min
      • Trained Q max ~40 L/min

    Cardiovascular responses to prolonged, moderately intense exercise

    • Measurement of cardiovascular variables over time during activity
    • Cardiovascular drift is associated with rising body temperature

    Upper-Body versus Lower-Body Aerobic Exercise

    • Comparisons of cardiovascular responses during upper-body versus lower-body aerobic exercise

    Arm versus Leg Exercise

    • Comparison of metabolic responses during arm versus leg exercise

    Cardiovascular Responses to Exercise

    • Classification of exercise types
    • Short-term, light to moderate submaximal aerobic exercise
    • Long-term, moderate to heavy submaximal aerobic exercise
    • Incremental aerobic exercise to maximum

    Recovery of heart rate and blood pressure.

    • Recovery from exercise depends on factors such as fitness level, temperature, and humidity, as well as duration and intensity of exercise

    Pressure rate product (RPP)

    • Index of myocardial oxygen consumption
    • Used to assess myocardial workload
    • Calculation of RPP (RPP = HR * SBP)

    Pregnancy Effects on Cardiovascular Function.

    • Pregnancy does not compromise absolute aerobic capacity
    • Body weight increases, decreasing economy of movement
    • Pulmonary ventilation increases during later stages of pregnancy, with a greater response to the submaximal exercise intensity
    • The hormones increase the sensitivity of the respiratory center to carbon dioxide, which leads to increased maternal hyperventilation in response to exercise

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on human physiology, particularly in relation to pregnancy, exercise, and metabolism. This quiz covers key concepts such as hormonal adjustments, blood flow changes during exercise, and methods for calculating energy expenditure. Challenge yourself to see how well you understand these important physiological processes.

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