Human Parvovirus B19 and Herpes Simplex Virus

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Questions and Answers

Which location is NOT mentioned as a site of viral entry for the described disease?

Oral mucosa

Genitalia

Soles

Nasal cavity (correct)

What is the correct order of lesions progression as mentioned?

Macule to pustules to papules to vesicles

Macule to papule to vesicles to pustules to crusts (correct)

Macule to crusts to pustules to papules

Macule to vesicles to pustules to crusts

What is NOT listed as a common complication of the described disease?

Pulmonary distress

Encephalitis

Kidney failure (correct)

Secondary bacterial infections

How long is the self-limited duration for the clinical disease to resolve?

2-4 weeks Signup and view all the answers

What phase occurs after primary multiplication in lymphoid tissue?

Transient viremia Signup and view all the answers

What vaccination is suggested to protect against or lessen disease severity?

Vaccinia vaccine Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of transmission for HSV-1?

Contact with infected saliva Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of humans are estimated to carry latent HSV-1?

Over 80% Signup and view all the answers

What condition is most commonly caused by HSV-2?

Genital infections Signup and view all the answers

What is Neonatal Herpes primarily caused by?

Either HSV-1 or HSV-2 Signup and view all the answers

What technique can be used to distinguish between HSV-1 and HSV-2?

Restriction enzyme analysis Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of HSV-1 reactivation?

Fever blisters or cold sores Signup and view all the answers

Which type of HSV is primarily transmitted through sexual contact?

HSV-2 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a reason for reactivation of HSV?

Dietary impacts Signup and view all the answers

What is associated with oropharyngeal lesions?

HSV-1 Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the uniqueness of HSV types?

They exhibit substantial sequence homology. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of monkeypox compared to smallpox?

Monkeypox has a broad host range. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following animals is known to potentially carry monkeypox?

Rabbits Signup and view all the answers

What is the incubation period for monkeypox?

5-21 days Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is commonly associated with monkeypox?

Lymphadenopathy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about the variola virus?

Only infects humans and monkeys. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary transmission route for monkeypox?

Direct contact with infected persons or animals Signup and view all the answers

Which regions are most affected by monkeypox?

Central and West Africa Signup and view all the answers

What type of virus is monkeypox classified as?

Orthopoxvirus Signup and view all the answers

Which feature distinguishes monkeypox from smallpox or chickenpox?

Skin rash appears later than fever. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reservoir host for monkeypox believed to be?

The primary reservoir host is unknown Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary site of latency for Human Parvovirus B19?

Dorsal root ganglia Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells does Human Parvovirus B19 infect?

Immature red cells in erythroid lineage Signup and view all the answers

Which mode of transmission is NOT associated with Human Parvovirus B19?

Direct skin contact Signup and view all the answers

What type of virus is Human Parvovirus B19 categorized as?

ssDNA nonenveloped Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is specifically associated with HSV-1?

Gingivostomatitis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of conditions caused by HSV?

Chronic and recurrent infections Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a ganglia associated with vertical transmission of infections?

Cervical Ganglia Signup and view all the answers

What is the most striking and common lesion seen in gingivitis?

Swollen, tender gums Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is correctly paired with its associated HSV type?

HSV-1 – oropharyngeal lesions Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of encephalitis in the US?

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) 2 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common cause of neonatal herpes?

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) 2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary transmission route for neonatal herpes?

Direct contact with infected secretions during birth Signup and view all the answers

What type of virus is herpes simplex virus (HSV)?

dsDNA virus Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is associated with infections requiring mucosal surfaces?

Unbroken skin is resistant to infection Signup and view all the answers

What happens after the virus invades local nerve endings?

It is transported to dorsal root ganglia Signup and view all the answers

What is a common method used to avoid neonatal herpes infection during birth?

Cesarean section for women with genital herpes lesions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a feature of Herpesviridae viruses?

Enveloped and icosahedral structure Signup and view all the answers

Which virus is commonly known as the primary cause of Japanese encephalitis?

Japanese encephalitis virus Signup and view all the answers

What type of inclusions are associated with herpes simplex virus infection?

Cowdry type A inclusions Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Human Parvovirus B19 (Erythema Infectiosum)

A single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) non-enveloped virus belonging to the Parvoviridae family.
Parvovirus B19 is the only species within the Parvoviridae family that is pathogenic to humans.
Infects immature red blood cells in the erythroid lineage.
Transmission occurs through respiratory droplets, blood transfusions, and vertical transmission from mother to fetus.

Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) 1 and 2

A member of the Herpesviridae family, belonging to the alpha group.
Characterized by a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) enveloped icosahedral structure.
Transmitted by direct contact with infected secretions.
HSV-1 is typically associated with oropharyngeal lesions (cold sores, fever blisters), while HSV-2 is associated with genital herpes and neonatal herpes.
HSV-1 and HSV-2 share substantial sequence homology but can be distinguished by sequence analysis or restriction enzyme analysis of viral DNA.
HSV-1 and HSV-2 can cross-react serologically, but each type has unique proteins.
Transmission patterns of HSV are evolving, with new species emerging through genetic recombination.

Modes of Vertical HSV Transmission

Placental transmission during pregnancy.
Neonatal herpes is most commonly caused by HSV-2.
Neonatal herpes can be acquired in utero, during birth, or after birth.
The most common route of infection is during birth through contact with herpetic lesions in the birth canal.
Cesarean section is used in pregnant women with genital herpes lesions to prevent infection.

HSV Pathology

Infection requires contact with mucosal surfaces or broken skin; unbroken skin is resistant.
Viral replication initially occurs at the site of infection.
The virus invades local nerve endings and is transported by retrograde axonal flow to dorsal root ganglia.
Latency is established after further replication.
Over 80% of humans carry latent HSV-1, but not all experience recurrences.
The reason for reactivation in some individuals is unknown.

Monkeypox

An Orthopoxvirus belonging to the Poxviridae family.
A zoonotic disease, with the primary reservoir host unknown.
Squirrels, rabbits, and rodents can be infected.
Commonly found in Central and West Africa.
Transmission occurs through direct contact with infected persons, animals, or contaminated materials.
Incubation period is 5-21 days.
Symptoms include fever, intense headache, lymphadenopathy, back pain, and myalgia.
A prominent feature of monkeypox is pronounced lymphadenopathy, which is not observed in smallpox or chickenpox.
Skin rash appears 1-3 days after fever onset, typically on the face, palms, soles, oral mucosa, and genitalia.
Rash progresses from macules to papules to vesicles to pustules, ultimately forming crusts/scabs that dry up and fall off.
Monkeypox is a self-limited disease, lasting 2-4 weeks.
Complications are common and serious, including pulmonary distress, secondary bacterial infections, and encephalitis.
Vaccination with vaccinia can protect against monkeypox or reduce the severity of the disease.

Variola Virus

Has a narrow host range, limited to humans and monkeys.
Primary infection occurs through the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract.
Viral replication occurs in the following stages:
- Primary multiplication in the lymphoid tissue draining the site of entry.
- Transient viremia and infection of reticuloendothelial cells throughout the body.
- A secondary phase of multiplication in these cells, leading to a secondary, more intense viremia.
- Clinical disease presentation.

Variola Virus Clinical Findings

Incubation period is 10-14 days.
Lesions in the mouth ulcerate and discharge virus by the 6th-9th day.

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Description

Explore the characteristics of Human Parvovirus B19 and Herpes Simplex Virus types 1 and 2. This quiz delves into their classifications, transmission modes, and pathogenicity. Test your knowledge of these important viruses and their impact on human health.