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Questions and Answers
Who is recognized as the 'father of modern historiography'?
What distinguishes social scientists from historians in their methodology?
What major advancement in historiography is associated with the rise of civilization?
What is a necessary aspect of writing history according to the content?
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Which historian is known for the critical and chronological writing about the Peloponnesian War?
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What does the term 'Creationism' refer to?
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What is considered the defining work that intensified the debate between creationists and evolutionists in the 19th century?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding hominids?
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According to the scientific view of evolution, what is suggested about the development of species?
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What do anthropologists believe about the ancestry of humans, gorillas, and chimpanzees?
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Study Notes
Social Science vs. History
- Social scientists utilize experimental data through samples, unlike historians.
- Theoretical models and hypotheses are more commonly used in social sciences compared to history.
Historiography
- Historiography is the study of historical writing and the methods involved in documenting history.
- Organized historical study arose with civilization, notably with the advent of writing.
- Herodotus, known as the "father of history," documented the Greek-Persian wars around 484-425 B.C.
- Thucydides succeeded Herodotus, critically chronicling the Peloponnesian War (431-408 B.C).
- Modern historiography was shaped in the 1800s, with Leopold von Ranke recognized as its "father."
Key Elements in the Study of History
- Sources are crucial; all historical claims must be backed by evidence.
- Interpretation of historical evidence is essential for understanding its significance.
- Archaeology and anthropology contribute to historical evidence interpretation.
Views on Human Origin
- Creationist View: Belief that life and humans were created by a supernatural force.
- Scientific View (Theory of Evolution): Proposes that life evolved over millions of years, with Charles Darwin's "Origin of Species" (1859) detailing this process.
Stages of Human Evolution
- Hominids include modern humans and extinct human-like species, characterized by upright walking and enlarged brains.
- Humans, gorillas, and chimpanzees share a common ancestor believed to have lived between 8-5 million years ago.
- Oldowan Sites: Key archaeological sites marking the development of early human tools in Africa, dating from 2.5 million to 1.7 million years ago.
- Acheulean Tools: Hand axes used by Homo erectus, dating from 1.5 million to 200,000 years ago; indicative of advanced tool-making skills.
Development of Homo Sapiens
- Homo erectus evolved into Homo sapiens during the Middle Paleolithic period.
- Notable archaeological sites like Gademotta (200,000 years ago) provide insights into human anatomy and cultural development.
Kingdom of Kush
- Located in Nubia, south of Egypt, with a climate favorable for agriculture.
- Cultural and technological exchange existed between Egypt and Kush; Nubians adopted Egyptian gods, writing, and customs.
- Kush rose to prominence around 700 B.C., conquering Egypt under King Piankhi, establishing the 25th dynasty.
- Meroe succeeded Napata as the capital around 590 B.C., fostering trade due to valuable resources.
Confucianism and Early Chinese Civilization
- Confucianism, developed by Confucius and later Mencius, emphasizes moral values and interpersonal relationships.
- Mencius believed in inherent goodness and the importance of compassion in humanity.
- The Qin dynasty (221 B.C.) unified China, emphasizing strict laws and governance through Legalism.
- Ancient Chinese innovations include coal use, porcelain production, the wheelbarrow, silk manufacturing, paper-making, and gunpowder.
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Description
Explore the major views regarding human origins, focusing on the Creationist perspective and its implications. Delve into the contrasting beliefs of archaeology and anthropology as disciplines in understanding human history. This quiz will challenge your knowledge on these fundamental concepts.
