Human Nutrition and Digestion

Glucose

Amino acids. They are essential for growth, maintenance, and repair of tissues and organs, including muscles, organs, and the immune system.

An adequate diet should provide enough energy, nutrients, fiber, vitamins, and minerals. It's essential for supporting bodily functions, maintaining health, and reducing the risk of chronic diseases.

<p>Grilled, baked, and broiled methods are generally healthier because they tend to have lower levels of unhealthy fats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin lowers blood sugar levels, while glucagon raises them. They signal the body when it needs energy, leading to feelings of hunger when blood sugar drops.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The small intestine breaks down food and absorbs most of the nutrients into the bloodstream.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The liver produces bile, which helps break down fats into smaller droplets, making them easier to digest. Bile also aids in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins and nutrients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder where the body cannot digest gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye. It triggers an immune response that damages the small intestine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gradually introducing solid foods allows infants to develop their digestive systems and helps to identify potential food allergies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peak bone mass achieved during adolescence is vital for long-term bone health and can help reduce the risk of osteoporosis later in life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Introduce one new food at a time and monitor the child for allergic reactions for at least a week to identify potential food allergies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metabolism naturally slows down with age, and prioritizing weight management can benefit overall health and well-being.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It supports muscle health and mass, which tends to decrease with age. Adequate protein intake helps maintain overall strength, mobility, and functional independence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consuming monounsaturated fats instead of saturated and trans fats can help lower blood cholesterol levels, which reduces the risk of heart disease and stroke.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two symptoms of dehydration include dizziness and confusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excessive sodium intake causes the body to retain water, leading to swelling known as edema. This fluid retention increases blood volume, putting more pressure on the blood vessels and raising blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fluids are essential for transporting vital substances, such as nutrients, oxygen, and waste products, throughout the body. They also regulate body temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excessive intake of beta-carotene, a pigment found in many fruits and vegetables, can cause a condition called carotenemia, which gives the skin a yellow or orange hue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sports beverages are designed to replace sodium and potassium, two essential electrolytes that are lost through sweating during intense physical activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Potassium plays a vital role in regulating muscle function, including contractions, which in turn helps maintain healthy blood pressure levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypertension, or high blood pressure, can present without any clear symptoms. However, if symptoms do appear, they may include shortness of breath, fatigue, chest pain, or headaches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Shorter, more frequent workouts allow the body to recover and adapt, leading to improvements in strength, stamina, and overall fitness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insufficient calorie intake can lead to weight loss, muscle loss, and decreased energy levels, hindering an athlete's performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Separating raw and cooked foods prevents cross-contamination, which occurs when bacteria from raw foods are transferred to cooked foods, potentially causing foodborne illnesses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Perishable foods should be stored at or below 40°F to slow down the growth of bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anemia is a condition where the body lacks sufficient red blood cells or hemoglobin, which are crucial for transporting oxygen throughout the body. This deficiency can lead to fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath, as vital organs may not receive enough oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Omega-3 fatty acids, especially DHA, are essential for the development of the fetal brain and nervous system during pregnancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vitamins act as essential coenzymes or cofactors in biochemical reactions that allow the body to obtain energy from macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, and fats). They facilitate the breakdown of these nutrients, enabling the release of energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Breast milk provides essential antibodies and immune factors that protect infants against infections and strengthen their immune systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vitamin D is essential for the absorption of calcium, which is crucial for maintaining strong and healthy bones. Low vitamin D levels can contribute to osteoporosis, a condition characterized by weak and brittle bones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The antibodies and immune factors in breast milk provide crucial protection against infections and bolster the infant's immune system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>BMI is calculated by dividing an individual's weight in kilograms by the square of their height in meters: BMI = weight (kg) / height^2 (m). It provides a numerical measure of body fat based on weight and height, indicating whether someone is underweight, normal weight, overweight, or obese.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>BMR is primarily influenced by an individual's lean mass, which includes muscle mass. Higher muscle mass generally leads to a higher BMR because muscle tissue requires more energy to maintain itself than fat tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Refrigerating and storing cooked food properly helps maintain a safe temperature, slowing down bacterial growth and preventing food spoilage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vitamin K is essential for blood clotting. It plays a role in synthesizing proteins involved in the coagulation process, which helps prevent excessive bleeding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When an individual consumes more calories than they expend through daily activities and exercise, the excess energy is stored as fat, leading to weight gain. This imbalance between energy intake and expenditure contributes to body weight increase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vitamin E is a powerful antioxidant, protecting cells from oxidative damage caused by harmful free radicals. Additionally, it plays a role in supporting immune function and promoting healthy skin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Warming up is crucial to prevent injury and prepare the body for physical activity. It increases blood flow, loosens muscles, and prepares joints for movement, reducing the risk of strain or tears.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is essential for collagen production. Collagen is a protein vital for maintaining healthy skin, blood vessels, and bones. Additionally, vitamin C acts as an antioxidant, protecting cells from damage and supporting the body's natural healing process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aerobic exercise is any physical activity that elevates heart and breathing rates for an extended period. It improves cardiovascular endurance, promoting a sustained elevated heart rate over time. Examples include running, cycling, and swimming.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Beta-carotene is a precursor to vitamin A, meaning the body can convert beta-carotene into vitamin A. Consuming foods rich in beta-carotene provides a source of vitamin A.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consuming large amounts of carrots or other orange vegetables can lead to carotenemia, a harmless condition that causes skin discoloration. This is due to the high levels of beta-carotene in these foods. However, it does not cause any illness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aerobic exercise helps improve cardiovascular endurance by sustaining an elevated heart rate for a prolonged period. This strengthens the heart muscle, improves blood flow, and enhances the body's ability to deliver oxygen to working muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Iron deficiency is the most common nutrient deficiency in the world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two factors that can contribute to osteoporosis are low vitamin D intake and a sedentary lifestyle. Insufficient vitamin D levels affect calcium absorption, leading to weak bones, and lack of physical activity weakens bone density.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The primary energy source for the brain, mainly in the form of glucose.

Essential building blocks for tissues and organs, made of amino acids.

The building blocks of proteins necessary for various bodily functions.

A balanced intake of nutrients needed for overall health and energy.

Cooking methods like grilling, baking, or broiling that reduce unhealthy fats.

Hormones, like insulin and glucagon, that regulate hunger and blood sugar levels.

The main site for digestion and nutrient absorption in the body.

An autoimmune disorder preventing the digestion of gluten, damaging the small intestine.

A harmless condition causing skin discoloration from excessive carrot or orange vegetable consumption.

An essential nutrient for vision, immune function, and skin health, derived from beta-carotene.

A crucial nutrient for calcium absorption and bone health, produced by skin when exposed to sunlight.

A water-soluble vitamin key for collagen production, immune support, and preventing scurvy.

A fat-soluble antioxidant that protects cells from oxidative damage and supports skin health.

A vital fat-soluble vitamin essential for blood clotting and preventing excessive bleeding.

A condition of weakened bones that can result from low vitamin D and sedentary lifestyle.

The most common nutrient deficiency worldwide, affecting overall health.

The recommended age to start solid foods is around 6 months.

Proper nutrition is essential for brain, bone, and overall growth in children.

Achieving maximum bone density during adolescence is crucial for long-term health.

Introduce new foods to children one at a time to monitor for allergies.

Older adults need adequate protein to maintain muscle mass and health.

Healthy fats found in foods like olive oil and avocados that improve cholesterol levels.

Also known as high blood pressure, often asymptomatic but can cause symptoms like fatigue and headaches.

Transport nutrients, oxygen, and waste in the body while regulating temperature.

A condition resulting from insufficient water, leading to symptoms like dizziness and confusion.

An essential electrolyte for muscle contractions and maintaining healthy blood pressure.

Excess sodium causes water retention, leading to swelling (edema) and increased blood pressure.

Drinks consumed by athletes during exercise to rehydrate and replenish electrolytes lost in sweat.

A condition marked by decreased red blood cells or hemoglobin quality.

A numerical measure to assess body fat based on height and weight.

The rate of energy expenditure at rest, influenced by lean muscle mass.

Occurs when calorie intake exceeds calorie expenditure, leading to weight gain.

Prepares the body for exercise and reduces injury risks.

Sustained physical activity that increases heart and breathing rates.

The ability of the heart and lungs to supply oxygen during sustained activity.

Breaking workouts into shorter periods done multiple times a week improves strength and stamina.

Athletes need to manage calorie intake to prevent muscle loss and maintain energy levels.

Illnesses caused by consuming contaminated food or beverages, like those with harmful bacteria.

Transfer of harmful bacteria from raw food to ready-to-eat food, increasing disease risk.

Meats should be kept at or below 40°F to slow bacterial growth before cooking.

Essential fats like DHA crucial for brain and nervous system development during pregnancy.

Breast milk provides antibodies and nutrients that protect infants and support immunity.

Properly refrigerating and storing food post-preparation to prevent bacterial growth.