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Questions and Answers
What are the two main nervous systems in the human body?
What are the two main nervous systems in the human body?
- Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System (correct)
- Autonomic Nervous System and Somatic Nervous System
- Sympathetic Nervous System and Parasympathetic Nervous System
- Enteric Nervous System and Cranial Nervous System
What are the main functions of the nervous system?- select three
What are the main functions of the nervous system?- select three
- Regulating body temperature
- Processing sensory information (correct)
- Coordinates voluntary and involuntary responses of organs (correct)
- Monitors internal and external environment (correct)
What is the cerebrum?
What is the cerebrum?
- The largest part of the brain made of two hemispheres responsible for higher brain functions such as thought and action. (correct)
- The lower part of the brain that regulates involuntary processes.
- A part of the brain involved in vision processing.
- The part of the brain that controls balance and coordination.
What is the function of the cerebellum?
What is the function of the cerebellum?
What is the brainstem?
What is the brainstem?
What parts of the brain make up the brainstem? (Select all that apply)
What parts of the brain make up the brainstem? (Select all that apply)
What are gyri?
What are gyri?
What are sulci?
What are sulci?
What is a fixed brain?
What is a fixed brain?
What is an unfixed brain?
What is an unfixed brain?
What is the purpose of sulci and gyri in the brain?
What is the purpose of sulci and gyri in the brain?
What are brain ventricles?
What are brain ventricles?
How many ventricles are there in the human brain?
How many ventricles are there in the human brain?
What fluid do ventricles contain?
What fluid do ventricles contain?
What is grey matter?
What is grey matter?
What is white matter?
What is white matter?
What type of cells are primarily found in the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?
What type of cells are primarily found in the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?
What is a glial cell?
What is a glial cell?
What is an ependymal cell?
What is an ependymal cell?
What is a microglial cell?
What is a microglial cell?
What is an astrocyte?
What is an astrocyte?
What is myelin called in the central nervous system (CNS)?
What is myelin called in the central nervous system (CNS)?
What is myelin called in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
What is myelin called in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
What are neurons?
What are neurons?
Are neurons pre-mitotic or post-mitotic?
Are neurons pre-mitotic or post-mitotic?
What is the basic structure of a neuron?
What is the basic structure of a neuron?
What are the connections between nerve cells called?
What are the connections between nerve cells called?
What do neurons release to communicate with each other?
What do neurons release to communicate with each other?
What does myelination do?
What does myelination do?
What is a pyramidal cell?
What is a pyramidal cell?
What is a Purkinje cell?
What is a Purkinje cell?
What are the main components of the cytoskeleton in a neuron?
What are the main components of the cytoskeleton in a neuron?
What is a microfilament?
What is a microfilament?
What is a neurofilament?
What is a neurofilament?
What is a microtubule?
What is a microtubule?
What are the two types of axonal transport?
What are the two types of axonal transport?
What travels slowly along an axon?
What travels slowly along an axon?
What protein travels fast along an axon?
What protein travels fast along an axon?
How can neurons be classified?
How can neurons be classified?
What happens when a neurotransmitter is released from a neuron?
What happens when a neurotransmitter is released from a neuron?
Why are Purkinje cells planar?
Why are Purkinje cells planar?
What is the role of oligodendrocytes?
What is the role of oligodendrocytes?
What is myelin?
What is myelin?
What is saltatory conduction?
What is saltatory conduction?
What space do astrocytes fill in the central nervous system?
What space do astrocytes fill in the central nervous system?
What is the role of astrocytes in the nervous system?
What is the role of astrocytes in the nervous system?
Do astrocytes regulate blood flow to neurons?
Do astrocytes regulate blood flow to neurons?
How do astrocytes regulate the content of extracellular space?
How do astrocytes regulate the content of extracellular space?
What function do microglia have in the human nervous system?
What function do microglia have in the human nervous system?
How is the blood-brain barrier enforced?
How is the blood-brain barrier enforced?
What are the functions of the blood-brain barrier? (Select all that apply)
What are the functions of the blood-brain barrier? (Select all that apply)
Which type of cells protect the blood-brain barrier?
Which type of cells protect the blood-brain barrier?
What is an astrocyte foot?
What is an astrocyte foot?
Where are ependymal cells found?
Where are ependymal cells found?
What specialized structures do neurons use to receive stimuli?
What specialized structures do neurons use to receive stimuli?
What part of a neuron is primarily responsible for transmitting impulses away from the cell body?
What part of a neuron is primarily responsible for transmitting impulses away from the cell body?
Which type of cell forms myelin in the peripheral nervous system?
Which type of cell forms myelin in the peripheral nervous system?
What is the role of neurotransmitters in synaptic communication?
What is the role of neurotransmitters in synaptic communication?
What characteristic differentiates neurons from most other body cells?
What characteristic differentiates neurons from most other body cells?
Which structure in a neuron contains the nucleus and coordinates cell activities?
Which structure in a neuron contains the nucleus and coordinates cell activities?
In which part of the neuron are synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters primarily found?
In which part of the neuron are synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters primarily found?
Which type of transport mechanism is primarily involved in moving materials quickly along an axon?
Which type of transport mechanism is primarily involved in moving materials quickly along an axon?
Which type of neuron has no axon and is primarily involved in local communication within the retina?
Which type of neuron has no axon and is primarily involved in local communication within the retina?
What is primarily released from presynaptic axons to communicate with postsynaptic neurons at the synapse?
What is primarily released from presynaptic axons to communicate with postsynaptic neurons at the synapse?
Neurons can be classified based on which of the following characteristics?
Neurons can be classified based on which of the following characteristics?
Which morphology describes a neuron characterized by a single axon and multiple dendrites branching from the soma?
Which morphology describes a neuron characterized by a single axon and multiple dendrites branching from the soma?
What is the primary function of the dendrites in a neuron?
What is the primary function of the dendrites in a neuron?
What is the significance of the synaptic cleft in neurotransmission?
What is the significance of the synaptic cleft in neurotransmission?
In what way do oligodendrocytes contribute to neuron function?
In what way do oligodendrocytes contribute to neuron function?
What type of transport mechanism is involved in the rapid movement of proteins along axons?
What type of transport mechanism is involved in the rapid movement of proteins along axons?
What is the primary role of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system?
What is the primary role of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system?
What primary function do dendrites serve in a neuron?
What primary function do dendrites serve in a neuron?
How does myelination affect nerve signal transmission?
How does myelination affect nerve signal transmission?
Which of the following best describes the structure of a typical neuron?
Which of the following best describes the structure of a typical neuron?
Which part of the neuron is primarily responsible for transmitting signals to other neurons?
Which part of the neuron is primarily responsible for transmitting signals to other neurons?
What is the role of neurotransmitters in neuronal communication?
What is the role of neurotransmitters in neuronal communication?
What is a key function of the blood-brain barrier?
What is a key function of the blood-brain barrier?
What distinguishes fast axonal transport from slow axonal transport?
What distinguishes fast axonal transport from slow axonal transport?
Astrocytes perform which of the following functions in the nervous system?
Astrocytes perform which of the following functions in the nervous system?
What is the primary function of microglia in the central nervous system?
What is the primary function of microglia in the central nervous system?
Which of the following components is a critical part of the cytoskeleton found in neurons?
Which of the following components is a critical part of the cytoskeleton found in neurons?
How are neurons primarily classified?
How are neurons primarily classified?
What process describes the jumping of action potentials between nodes of Ranvier?
What process describes the jumping of action potentials between nodes of Ranvier?
Which cell type is responsible for forming the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system?
Which cell type is responsible for forming the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system?
What type of protein structure is primarily involved in stabilizing axonal transport?
What type of protein structure is primarily involved in stabilizing axonal transport?
What unique feature characterizes the synapses between neurons?
What unique feature characterizes the synapses between neurons?
What is primarily responsible for transmitting signals away from the neuron?
What is primarily responsible for transmitting signals away from the neuron?
Which structure is primarily responsible for receiving signals from other neurons?
Which structure is primarily responsible for receiving signals from other neurons?
What is the role of neurotransmitters in synapse communication?
What is the role of neurotransmitters in synapse communication?
Which type of axonal transport is responsible for moving materials toward the synapse?
Which type of axonal transport is responsible for moving materials toward the synapse?
How are neurons classified based on their structure?
How are neurons classified based on their structure?
What structural component aids in the rapid conduction of action potentials along the axon?
What structural component aids in the rapid conduction of action potentials along the axon?
What triggers the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft?
What triggers the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft?
Which of the following structures is involved in the recycling of neurotransmitters after their release?
Which of the following structures is involved in the recycling of neurotransmitters after their release?
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Study Notes
Neurons and Neuroanatomy
- Neurons can be traced using the Golgi technique, involving silver salts to visualize individual nerve cells.
- Neurons vary by number of neurites: unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar classifications exist.
- Dendritic morphology can be pyramid-shaped, star-shaped, spiny, or aspinous.
Synapses and Signal Transmission
- Synapses are connections between neurons where neurotransmitters are released for communication.
- The structure of a basic synapse consists of presynaptic axon, synaptic cleft, and postsynaptic cell, where neurotransmitter receptors are present.
Glial Cells
- Glial cells, or neuroglial cells, support neuronal function: they include astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and ependymal cells.
- Astrocytes modulate neuronal connections, regulate extracellular content, and control blood flow during neuronal activity.
Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)
- The BBB maintains a stable brain environment, regulating nutrient supply and protecting against toxins and fluctuations in peripheral circulation.
Structure and Function of the Nervous System
- The nervous system is structured into the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).
- The CNS includes the brain (cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem) and spinal cord, serving functions such as sensory integration and response coordination.
Brain Structure
- The cerebrum is the largest brain region with right and left hemispheres, responsible for higher functions like vision, reasoning, and emotion.
- The cerebellum, located under the cerebrum, coordinates movements and maintains posture and balance.
- The brainstem connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord, managing automatic functions including breathing and heart rate.
Neuron Anatomy
- Neurons consist of a cell body (soma) containing the nucleus, dendrites for receiving signals, and an axon for transmitting impulses.
- Neurons are post-mitotic, meaning they do not reproduce after initial development.
Axonal Transport
- Axonal transport can be slow (1-10 mm/day) for cytosolic proteins or fast (>400 mm/day) for membranous organelles, in both anterograde and retrograde directions.
Myelin and Oligodendrocytes
- Myelin, produced by oligodendrocytes in the CNS, wraps around axons, facilitating faster signal transmission through saltatory conduction.
- Schwann cells perform a similar role in the PNS.
Cellular Components
- Neurons possess a unique structure that includes organelles for supporting cellular function and specialized membranes for information transmission.
- Mitochondria provide energy, while Golgi bodies and endoplasmic reticulum support synthesis and transport of cellular products.
Microglia and Ependymal Cells
- Microglia act as the immune cells of the CNS, performing phagocytosis.
- Ependymal cells line the ventricles and assist in guiding neuronal development during embryogenesis.
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