Human Nervous System and ECG Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What are the primary components of the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

  • Peripheral nerves and ganglia
  • Sensory organs and tissues
  • Brain and spinal cord (correct)
  • Autonomic and somatic divisions

Which function is NOT associated with the Central Nervous System?

  • Issuing motor commands
  • Processing sensory data
  • Higher functions like intelligence and emotion
  • Carrying motor commands to peripheral tissues (correct)

What is the role of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?

  • It consists only of the motor division.
  • It integrates sensory information only.
  • It provides sensory information to the CNS. (correct)
  • It is primarily responsible for intelligence.

Which division of the nervous system controls voluntary muscle movements?

<p>Somatic division (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the autonomic division is primarily responsible for the 'fight or flight' response?

<p>Sympathetic division (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an electrocardiogram (ECG) graph depict?

<p>Voltage against time of the heart's electrical activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the QRS complex in an ECG?

<p>Ventricular contraction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can ECG be useful in diagnosing heart conditions?

<p>It reveals modified heart traces caused by defects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do tachycardia and bradycardia refer to?

<p>Conditions of fast and slow heartbeats (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase do the ventricles contract?

<p>Systole (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main parts of the human nervous system?

<p>Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the y-axis of an ECG represent?

<p>Voltage or electrical activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic trace of a healthy heartbeat on an ECG?

<p>A distinctive pattern of waves and spikes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle is responsible for the heartbeat?

<p>Cardiac muscle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the sinoatrial (SA) node in the heart?

<p>It generates electrical impulses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the atrioventricular (AV) node located?

<p>Between the right atrium and right ventricle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the Purkinje fibres do in the cardiac cycle?

<p>They conduct impulses to the ventricles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition describes an abnormal heart rhythm that may require a pacemaker?

<p>Arrhythmias (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of a pacemaker device?

<p>To control abnormal heart rhythms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the cardiac cycle, what happens after the electrical impulses spread over the atria?

<p>The atria contract before the ventricles. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Electrical impulses that initiate the heartbeat eventually lead to contraction of which part of the heart?

<p>Both atria followed by both ventricles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the sympathetic nerve have on heart rate?

<p>It increases the heart rate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is known to increase the strength of contraction of heart muscle during exercise?

<p>Adrenaline (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of nerves that compose peripheral nerves?

<p>Sensory and motor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the amount of blood ejected by the heart with each contraction?

<p>Stroke Volume (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nervous system primarily controls the increase of heart rate?

<p>Sympathetic nervous system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the vagus nerve in relation to heart rate?

<p>It decreases heart rate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of one complete cardiac cycle represented in the content?

<p>0.65 seconds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the heart rate of the man at rest as shown in the content?

<p>70 bpm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is stroke volume a measure of?

<p>Volume of blood per heartbeat (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the nervous system is primarily responsible for automatic functions?

<p>Parasympathetic nervous system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological state occurs when both atria and ventricles are relaxed during the cardiac cycle?

<p>Diastole (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation for calculating cardiac output as indicated in the content?

<p>Heart rate x stroke volume (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average stroke volume of a person at rest based on the provided information?

<p>70 mL (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the blood flow pathway returning from the lungs to the heart, which structure does the blood enter after the pulmonary veins?

<p>Left atrium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to blood after it passes through the semilunar valve?

<p>It enters the aorta (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cardiac output of a person at rest with a heart rate of 72 bpm and a stroke volume of 70 mL?

<p>5040 mL/min (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the dorsal root in a spinal nerve?

<p>Contains sensory nerve fibers only (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many spinal segments are there in the human body?

<p>31 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which root of the spinal nerve mainly contains motor fibers?

<p>Ventral root (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a function attributed to spinal nerves?

<p>Regulation of blood pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the ventral root from the dorsal root?

<p>The ventral root carries motor fibers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does the ventral root of a spinal nerve not carry a ganglion?

<p>Motor neurons do not require ganglia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes spinal nerves?

<p>Mixed nerves containing both sensory and motor fibers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fibers does the dorsal root consist of?

<p>Afferent fibers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is an ECG?

The electrical activity of the heart can be measured and recorded using electrodes placed on the skin.

What is a healthy heartbeat trace?

A standard ECG shows a distinctive pattern related to the electrical events during a heartbeat.

What do abnormal ECG traces show?

A change in the ECG pattern can indicate a heart problem.

What are the atria?

The top of the heart chambers, they contract first during the heartbeat.

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What are the ventricles?

The bottom chambers of the heart, they contract after the atria.

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What is systole?

Contraction phase of the heart, when the chambers squeeze blood out.

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What is diastole?

Relaxation phase of the heart, when the chambers fill with blood.

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What are the two main parts of the human nervous system?

The central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

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Cardiac Muscle

The heart muscle; responsible for pumping blood throughout the body.

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Myogenic

The ability of cardiac muscle cells to generate and conduct impulses independently, without external stimulation.

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Pacemaker

A specialized group of cells in the heart that acts as the natural pacemaker, initiating and regulating heartbeats.

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Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)

The sinoatrial node (SA node) is located in the wall of the right atrium. It's the primary pacemaker of the heart initiating electrical impulses that trigger the heart to beat.

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Electrical Impulses

Electrical signals generated by the SA node travel throughout the heart, initiating a chain of contractions that pump blood.

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Atria

The two upper chambers of the heart that receive blood from the body.

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Atrioventricular Node (AV Node)

The atrioventricular (AV) node is located at the junction of the atria and ventricles. It delays electrical impulses to ensure the ventricles contract after the atria.

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Bundle of His

A bundle of specialized conductive fibers that carry electrical impulses from the AV node to the ventricles, stimulating their contraction.

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What is the CNS?

The central nervous system (CNS) is made up of the brain and spinal cord. It's the command center, processing information and sending out instructions to control your body.

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What is the PNS?

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is all the nerves outside your brain and spinal cord. It's like the communication network, carrying messages to and from the CNS.

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What does the motor division do?

The motor division of the nervous system is responsible for sending commands from the CNS to muscles and glands, making them act.

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What is the somatic nervous system?

The somatic nervous system controls voluntary movements, like walking or writing, using skeletal muscles.

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What is the autonomic nervous system?

The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary actions like breathing, heart rate, and digestion, using smooth muscles and glands.

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Cardiac Cycle Duration

The time taken for one complete heartbeat, from the beginning of one contraction to the beginning of the next.

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Heart Rate

The number of heartbeats per minute.

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Diastole

The period during which both atria and ventricles are relaxed, allowing chambers to fill with blood.

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Stroke Volume

The volume of blood pumped out of the heart with each beat.

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Cardiac Output

The amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute.

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Blood Flow Pathway (Diastole)

The pathway of blood returning from lungs to the heart chambers during the relaxation phase (diastole).

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Systole

The contraction phase of the heart, when chambers are squeezing out blood.

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Systemic Circulation

The movement of oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body.

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What is Stroke Volume?

The volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle of the heart with each heartbeat.

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What is Cardiac Output?

The strength of the heartbeat, which can be increased by hormones like adrenaline.

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What does the Sympathetic Nerve do?

A nerve that increases heart beat rate - it's like stepping on the gas pedal of your heart.

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What does the Vagus Nerve do?

A nerve that decreases heart beat rate - it's like applying the brakes of your heart.

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What are Sensory Nerves?

Nerves that carry information from the body to the central nervous system, like a messenger from your finger to your brain.

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What are Motor Nerves?

Nerves that carry information from the central nervous system to the body, like a messenger from your brain to your muscle.

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What is CNS?

The central nervous system (CNS) is composed of the brain and spinal cord. It's the control center of your body.

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What is PNS?

The peripheral nervous system is the network of nerves that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body. It's the 'communication network'.

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How many spinal segments are there?

There are 31 spinal segments, each corresponding to a pair of spinal nerves.

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What are the components of a spinal nerve?

Each spinal nerve is formed by the union of a dorsal root carrying sensory fibers and a ventral root carrying motor fibers.

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What do sensory fibers do?

Sensory fibers carry signals from the body to the spinal cord, like information about touch, temperature, and pain.

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What do motor fibers do?

Motor fibers carry signals from the spinal cord to the muscles, causing them to contract and move.

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What is a dorsal root ganglion?

A dorsal root ganglion houses the cell bodies of sensory neurons, like a control center for sensory information.

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Why does the ventral root lack a ganglion?

Ventral root does not carry a ganglion because motor neuron cell bodies are located within the spinal cord's grey matter.

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What is segmental innervation?

Segmental innervation refers to the specific spinal nerve that serves a particular area of the body.

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Why is segmental innervation important for diagnosis?

Understanding segmental innervation helps diagnose injuries by pinpointing the affected spinal nerve.

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Study Notes

Human Anatomy and Physiology - Week 5

  • Heart Beat (Pre-tutorial A):

    • Heart muscle cells (cardiac muscle) are myogenic, meaning they generate and conduct impulses automatically.
    • This coordination allows the contraction of auricles and ventricles during a cardiac cycle.
    • The sinoatrial node (SA node), located in the right atrium, is the pacemaker.
    • The SA node sends electrical impulses that spread through the atria, leading to atrial contraction.
    • Impulses then travel to the atrioventricular node (AV node).
    • The AV node slows the impulse to coordinate ventricular contraction.
    • The impulses travel down the bundle of His, to the Purkinje fibers, causing ventricular contraction.

  • Electrocardiogram (ECG) (Pre-tutorial A):

    • An ECG records the electrical activity of the heart.
    • The P wave represents atrial contraction.
    • The QRS complex indicates ventricular contraction.
    • The T wave represents ventricular relaxation.
    • Abnormal traces can indicate heart defects.

  • Cardiac Cycle (Tutorial A):

    • One cardiac cycle (complete heartbeat) takes approximately 0.8 seconds at rest (or 75 cycles per minute).
    • The cycle involves atrial and ventricular systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation) phases.
    • Atrial contraction(systole) pumps blood into the ventricles.
    • Ventricular contraction(systole) pumps blood out of the heart.
    • Blood flow follows specific pathways during systole.
    • The time periods of different phases of the cycle are described in the readings.

  • Cardiac Output (Tutorial A):

    • Cardiac output (CO) is calculated as heart rate multiplied by stroke volume..
    • Average heart rate is 72 beats per minute (bpm) and normal stroke volume is 70ml per beat.
    • Normal cardiac output is about 5040 ml per minute
    • Sympathetic stimulation speeds up heart rate, while parasympathetic slows it down.
    • Hormones and factors affect strength of contraction of heart muscle.

  • Peripheral Nerve Structure (Tutorial B):

    • Peripheral nerves contain sensory and motor fibers.
    • Sensory axons carry signals from receptors to the central nervous system (CNS).
    • Motor axons carry signals from the CNS to effectors (muscles and glands).
    • Ganglia contain the cell bodies of sensory neurons.
    • Spinal nerves have dorsal and ventral roots.
    • Dorsal roots contain sensory fibers; ventral roots contain motor fibers.

  • Components of Spinal Nerves (Tutorial B):

    • Spinal nerves are mixed, containing both sensory and motor fibers.
    • Each spinal nerve has a dorsal root (sensory) and a ventral root (motor).
    • Dorsal roots contain sensory neurons that have cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglia.
    • Ventral roots contain motor neurons that do not have cell bodies located within the ventral roots.

  • Nerves Plexuses (Tutorial B):

    • The ventral rami of multiple spinal nerves combine to form nerve plexuses.
    • These networks allow different spinal nerves to collaborate in the innervation of limbs.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the components of the Central Nervous System (CNS) and the role of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). This quiz also covers the basics of electrocardiograms (ECG) and their relevance in diagnosing heart conditions. Challenge yourself with questions regarding muscle movements and heart function!

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