Human Microbiota: Composition and Functions
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Questions and Answers

What was the situation with Zika virus transmission in the US in 2018 and 2019?

  • There were widespread outbreaks
  • There were many travel-associated cases
  • There were no reports of transmission (correct)
  • There were limited local transmissions

    • What happened in the Pacific Islands between 2007 and 2013?

  • There was widespread transmission of the Zika virus
  • The Zika virus was eradicated
  • The Zika virus was first detected in mosquitoes
  • The Zika virus spread to numerous islands (correct)

    • What was the likely cause of the Zika virus spreading to numerous Pacific Islands?

  • Infected air travelers (correct)
  • Contaminated water supplies
  • International trade and commerce
  • Infected mosquitoes migrating from Asia

    • What was the pattern of Zika virus outbreaks in the US in 2015 and 2016?

    <p>Large outbreaks in the Americas, with limited local transmission in some states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the duration of the Zika virus infection in early cases?

    <p>Short duration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which region did the Zika virus first emerge?

    <p>East Africa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary mode of transmission of the Zika virus in the US in 2015 and 2016?

    <p>Travel-associated cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the characteristic rash associated with the Zika virus infection?

    <p>Maculopapular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What health problems were linked to the Zika virus beyond microcephaly?

    <p>Autoimmune problems and Guillain-Barré syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the characteristic of the Zika virus infection in the early cases in terms of temperature?

    <p>Mild fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the pattern of Zika virus outbreaks in Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands?

    <p>Widespread transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary location of Zika virus transmission in the US in 2015 and 2016?

    <p>Primarily in Florida and Texas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the situation with microcephaly cases in Brazil by the end of December 2015?

    <p>Nearly 3,000 cases were reported</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which year did the number of reported Zika virus disease cases in the US start to decline?

    <p>2017</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the characteristic of the Zika virus infection in the early cases in terms of duration?

    <p>Short duration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the likely mode of transmission of the Zika virus to the Pacific Islands?

    <p>Through infected air travelers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for HIV/AIDS?

    <p>Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mode of transmission for HIV/AIDS?

    <p>Unprotected sexual intercourse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is caused by the Sin Nombre virus, a type of hantavirus?

    <p>HPS (Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main treatment for HPS (Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome)?

    <p>Supportive care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the disease causing agent of SARS?

    <p>SARS-CoV-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases has no specific vaccine available?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is caused by a filovirus?

    <p>Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission for MERS and COVID-19?

    <p>Respiratory droplets and aerosols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases has a specific vaccine available?

    <p>COVID-19</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main treatment for MERS, Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever, and Zika virus?

    <p>Supportive care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is associated with severe neurological impairment?

    <p>BSE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary way to prevent the transmission of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever?

    <p>Using personal protective equipment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission for HPS (Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome)?

    <p>Exposure to aerosolized rodent excreta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)?

    <p>Supportive care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the disease causing agent of BSE (vCJD)?

    <p>Misfolded prion proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission for MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome)?

    <p>Close contact with infected individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever?

    <p>Supportive care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary risk of transmission for AIDS?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission for HPS?

    <p>Exposure to rodent excreta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following viruses is associated with severe respiratory illness and neurological complications?

    <p>Enterovirus D68</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission for Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever?

    <p>Close contact with infected individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main protective measure for Zika virus infection?

    <p>Mosquito control and avoidance of mosquito bites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission for BSE (vCJD)?

    <p>Contaminated food products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of having a healthy normal microbiota?

    <p>It protects against pathogens by occupying niches and competing for resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of microbiota for a newborn?

    <p>Mother during childbirth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the thin film that forms on tooth surfaces, influencing bacterial colonization and dental plaque formation?

    <p>Pellicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacteria are primary colonizers of the tooth surface and contribute to dental plaque formation?

    <p>Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius, and Streptococcus sanguinis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the demineralization of tooth enamel by acids produced by bacteria in dental plaque?

    <p>Cavity formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that influences the shaping of microbiota later in life?

    <p>Exposure to various environments and interactions with other individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What body regions are thought to be 'sterile'?

    <p>Blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mode of delivery has a significant influence on the initial colonization of the infant's gut microbiota?

    <p>Vaginal delivery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that shapes the composition of the infant's gut microbiota during the first few months?

    <p>Mode of feeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacteria is commonly associated with cavities?

    <p>Streptococcus mutans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that influences the development and stability of the microbiota in older children?

    <p>Environmental exposures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacteria is commonly associated with atypical pneumonia?

    <p>Mycoplasma pneumoniae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the disease caused by the Ebola virus?

    <p>Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary vector for the Zika virus?

    <p>Aedes aegypti mosquito</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the protein covering on the tooth?

    <p>Dental pellicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the body surface with the greatest density of microbes?

    <p>Skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a live microbial adjunct that benefits the host?

    <p>Probiotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission for MERS and COVID-19?

    <p>Respiratory droplets and aerosols from infected individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is caused by a misfolded prion protein, particularly from bovine origin?

    <p>BSE (vCJD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for MERS?

    <p>Supportive care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is associated with severe respiratory distress, particularly in young children and individuals with underlying respiratory conditions?

    <p>Enterovirus D68</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission for Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever?

    <p>Direct contact with bodily fluids of infected individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for Zika virus infection?

    <p>There is no specific treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for HIV/AIDS?

    <p>Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is caused by the Sin Nombre virus, a type of hantavirus?

    <p>HPS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary risk of transmission for HIV/AIDS?

    <p>Unprotected sexual intercourse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the disease causing agent of SARS?

    <p>SARS-CoV-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for HPS?

    <p>Supportive care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the disease causing agent of AIDS?

    <p>Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission for Zika virus infection?

    <p>Through mosquito bites and sexual contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary protective measure for Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever?

    <p>Wearing personal protective equipment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the disease caused by the Zika virus?

    <p>No specific disease name</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary risk of transmission for BSE (vCJD)?

    <p>Consumption of contaminated beef products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary risk of transmission for AIDS?

    <p>Through sexual contact and sharing needles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is caused by a misfolded prion protein?

    <p>BSE (vCJD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the respiratory virus associated with symptoms ranging from mild cold-like symptoms to severe respiratory illness?

    <p>Enterovirus D68</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019)?

    <p>Antiviral medications and supportive care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary risk of transmission for Zika virus?

    <p>Mosquito bites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission for BSE (vCJD)?

    <p>Through consumption of prion-contaminated products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission for MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome)?

    <p>Close contact with infected individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for AIDS?

    <p>Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of microbiota for a newborn?

    <p>Mother during childbirth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the thin film that forms on tooth surfaces?

    <p>Pellicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that influences the shaping of microbiota later in life?

    <p>Environmental factors and interactions with other individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacteria are primary colonizers of the tooth surface and contribute to dental plaque formation?

    <p>Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius, and Streptococcus sanguinis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the demineralization of tooth enamel by acids produced by bacteria in dental plaque?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that influences the composition of the infant's gut microbiota during the first few months?

    <p>Mode of delivery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that influences the initial colonization of the infant's gut microbiota?

    <p>Mode of delivery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a nondigestible substance that helps colonic bacteria?

    <p>Prebiotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacteria is commonly associated with sinusitis?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus?

    <p>COVID-19</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the original source of SARS, MERS, and COVID-19 thought to be?

    <p>Bats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the virus that causes Acute Flaccid Myelitis?

    <p>Enterovirus D68</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most deadly strain of Ebola virus?

    <p>Ebola Zaire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an infected person, which body fluid has the most HIV particles?

    <p>Blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the protein covering on the tooth?

    <p>Dental pellicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which species is considered a beneficial oral microbe?

    <p>Streptococcus salivarius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the disease causing agent of AIDS?

    <p>Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for HIV/AIDS?

    <p>Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission for HPS?

    <p>Exposure to aerosolized rodent excreta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary symptom of SARS in its initial stages?

    <p>Flu-like illness with high fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases has no specific vaccine available?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary risk of transmission for HIV/AIDS?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission for COVID-19?

    <p>Respiratory droplets and aerosols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is associated with severe neurological impairment and caused by a misfolded prion protein?

    <p>BSE (vCJD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for MERS and Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever?

    <p>Supportive care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is transmitted through mosquito bites and associated with mild fever, rash, and conjunctivitis?

    <p>Zika virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary risk of transmission for BSE (vCJD)?

    <p>Consumption of contaminated beef products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is associated with severe respiratory distress, particularly in young children and individuals with underlying respiratory conditions?

    <p>Enterovirus D68</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission for Zika virus infection?

    <p>Mosquito bites and perinatal transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is associated with severe respiratory distress, particularly in young children and individuals with underlying respiratory conditions?

    <p>Enterovirus D68</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission for HPS (Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome)?

    <p>Rodent excreta and airborne transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission for BSE (vCJD)?

    <p>Prion-contaminated products and strict regulations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of having a healthy normal microbiota?

    <p>Modulation of the immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission for Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever?

    <p>Direct contact with infected individuals and bodily fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the essential measure to prevent the transmission of BSE (vCJD)?

    <p>Implementing strict regulations on meat processing and consumption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever?

    <p>Supportive care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary risk of transmission for HPS (Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome)?

    <p>Exposure to aerosolized rodent excreta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission for SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)?

    <p>Transmission through respiratory droplets from infected individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019)?

    <p>Various treatments depending on the severity of the illness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary risk of transmission for AIDS?

    <p>Unprotected sexual intercourse, sharing needles, and perinatal transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of microbiota for a newborn?

    <p>Mother during childbirth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterium is primarily responsible for tooth decay and gum disease?

    <p>Streptococcus mutans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the thin film that forms on tooth surfaces?

    <p>Pellicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the demineralization of tooth enamel by acids produced by bacteria in dental plaque?

    <p>Cavity formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which body regions are thought to be 'sterile'?

    <p>Cerebrospinal fluid and lower respiratory tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the pellicle in oral microbiology?

    <p>To provide a substrate for bacterial attachment and biofilm formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that influences the initial colonization of the infant's gut microbiota?

    <p>Mode of delivery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a nondigestible substance that helps colonic bacteria?

    <p>Prebiotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacteria are the most common causes of meningitis in the neonate?

    <p>Group B Streptococcus, Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the organ system maldeveloped in 'germ-free' animals?

    <p>Immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus is thought to cause Acute Flaccid Myelitis?

    <p>Enterovirus D68</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of microbiota for a newborn?

    <p>Mother's gut microbiota</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacteria is commonly associated with sinusitis?

    <p>Moraxella catarrhalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the protein covering on the tooth?

    <p>Dental pellicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which species is considered a beneficial oral microbe?

    <p>Streptococcus salivarius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacteria are primary colonizers of the tooth surface and contribute to dental plaque formation?

    <p>Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius</p> Signup and view all the answers

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