136 Questions
What was the situation with Zika virus transmission in the US in 2018 and 2019?
There were no reports of transmission
What happened in the Pacific Islands between 2007 and 2013?
The Zika virus spread to numerous islands
What was the likely cause of the Zika virus spreading to numerous Pacific Islands?
Infected air travelers
What was the pattern of Zika virus outbreaks in the US in 2015 and 2016?
Large outbreaks in the Americas, with limited local transmission in some states
What was the duration of the Zika virus infection in early cases?
Short duration
In which region did the Zika virus first emerge?
East Africa
What was the primary mode of transmission of the Zika virus in the US in 2015 and 2016?
Travel-associated cases
What was the characteristic rash associated with the Zika virus infection?
Maculopapular
What health problems were linked to the Zika virus beyond microcephaly?
Autoimmune problems and Guillain-Barré syndrome
What was the characteristic of the Zika virus infection in the early cases in terms of temperature?
Mild fever
What was the pattern of Zika virus outbreaks in Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands?
Widespread transmission
What was the primary location of Zika virus transmission in the US in 2015 and 2016?
Primarily in Florida and Texas
What was the situation with microcephaly cases in Brazil by the end of December 2015?
Nearly 3,000 cases were reported
In which year did the number of reported Zika virus disease cases in the US start to decline?
2017
What was the characteristic of the Zika virus infection in the early cases in terms of duration?
Short duration
What was the likely mode of transmission of the Zika virus to the Pacific Islands?
Through infected air travelers
What is the primary treatment for HIV/AIDS?
Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART)
What is the main mode of transmission for HIV/AIDS?
Unprotected sexual intercourse
Which disease is caused by the Sin Nombre virus, a type of hantavirus?
HPS (Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome)
What is the main treatment for HPS (Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome)?
Supportive care
What is the disease causing agent of SARS?
SARS-CoV-1
Which of the following diseases has no specific vaccine available?
All of the above
Which of the following diseases is caused by a filovirus?
Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever
What is the primary mode of transmission for MERS and COVID-19?
Respiratory droplets and aerosols
Which of the following diseases has a specific vaccine available?
COVID-19
What is the main treatment for MERS, Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever, and Zika virus?
Supportive care
Which of the following diseases is associated with severe neurological impairment?
BSE
What is the primary way to prevent the transmission of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever?
Using personal protective equipment
What is the primary mode of transmission for HPS (Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome)?
Exposure to aerosolized rodent excreta
What is the primary treatment for SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)?
Supportive care
What is the disease causing agent of BSE (vCJD)?
Misfolded prion proteins
What is the primary mode of transmission for MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome)?
Close contact with infected individuals
What is the primary treatment for Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever?
Supportive care
What is the primary risk of transmission for AIDS?
All of the above
What is the primary mode of transmission for HPS?
Exposure to rodent excreta
Which of the following viruses is associated with severe respiratory illness and neurological complications?
Enterovirus D68
What is the primary mode of transmission for Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever?
Close contact with infected individuals
What is the main protective measure for Zika virus infection?
Mosquito control and avoidance of mosquito bites
What is the primary mode of transmission for BSE (vCJD)?
Contaminated food products
What is the advantage of having a healthy normal microbiota?
It protects against pathogens by occupying niches and competing for resources
What is the primary source of microbiota for a newborn?
Mother during childbirth
What is the name of the thin film that forms on tooth surfaces, influencing bacterial colonization and dental plaque formation?
Pellicle
Which bacteria are primary colonizers of the tooth surface and contribute to dental plaque formation?
Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius, and Streptococcus sanguinis
What is the result of the demineralization of tooth enamel by acids produced by bacteria in dental plaque?
Cavity formation
What is the primary factor that influences the shaping of microbiota later in life?
Exposure to various environments and interactions with other individuals
What body regions are thought to be 'sterile'?
Blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and bladder
Which mode of delivery has a significant influence on the initial colonization of the infant's gut microbiota?
Vaginal delivery
What is the primary factor that shapes the composition of the infant's gut microbiota during the first few months?
Mode of feeding
Which bacteria is commonly associated with cavities?
Streptococcus mutans
What is the primary factor that influences the development and stability of the microbiota in older children?
Environmental exposures
Which bacteria is commonly associated with atypical pneumonia?
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
What is the name of the disease caused by the Ebola virus?
Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever
What is the primary vector for the Zika virus?
Aedes aegypti mosquito
What is the name of the protein covering on the tooth?
Dental pellicle
What is the body surface with the greatest density of microbes?
Skin
What is the term for a live microbial adjunct that benefits the host?
Probiotic
What is the primary mode of transmission for MERS and COVID-19?
Respiratory droplets and aerosols from infected individuals
Which disease is caused by a misfolded prion protein, particularly from bovine origin?
BSE (vCJD)
What is the primary treatment for MERS?
Supportive care
Which disease is associated with severe respiratory distress, particularly in young children and individuals with underlying respiratory conditions?
Enterovirus D68
What is the primary mode of transmission for Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever?
Direct contact with bodily fluids of infected individuals
What is the primary treatment for Zika virus infection?
There is no specific treatment
What is the primary treatment for HIV/AIDS?
Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART)
Which disease is caused by the Sin Nombre virus, a type of hantavirus?
HPS
What is the primary risk of transmission for HIV/AIDS?
Unprotected sexual intercourse
What is the disease causing agent of SARS?
SARS-CoV-1
What is the primary treatment for HPS?
Supportive care
What is the disease causing agent of AIDS?
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
What is the primary mode of transmission for Zika virus infection?
Through mosquito bites and sexual contact
What is the primary protective measure for Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever?
Wearing personal protective equipment
What is the name of the disease caused by the Zika virus?
No specific disease name
What is the primary risk of transmission for BSE (vCJD)?
Consumption of contaminated beef products
What is the primary risk of transmission for AIDS?
Through sexual contact and sharing needles
Which disease is caused by a misfolded prion protein?
BSE (vCJD)
What is the name of the respiratory virus associated with symptoms ranging from mild cold-like symptoms to severe respiratory illness?
Enterovirus D68
What is the primary treatment for COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019)?
Antiviral medications and supportive care
What is the primary risk of transmission for Zika virus?
Mosquito bites
What is the primary mode of transmission for BSE (vCJD)?
Through consumption of prion-contaminated products
What is the primary mode of transmission for MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome)?
Close contact with infected individuals
What is the primary treatment for AIDS?
Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART)
What is the primary source of microbiota for a newborn?
Mother during childbirth
What is the term for the thin film that forms on tooth surfaces?
Pellicle
What is the primary factor that influences the shaping of microbiota later in life?
Environmental factors and interactions with other individuals
Which bacteria are primary colonizers of the tooth surface and contribute to dental plaque formation?
Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius, and Streptococcus sanguinis
What is the result of the demineralization of tooth enamel by acids produced by bacteria in dental plaque?
All of the above
What is the primary factor that influences the composition of the infant's gut microbiota during the first few months?
Mode of delivery
What is the primary factor that influences the initial colonization of the infant's gut microbiota?
Mode of delivery
What is the term for a nondigestible substance that helps colonic bacteria?
Prebiotic
Which bacteria is commonly associated with sinusitis?
All of the above
What is the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus?
COVID-19
What is the original source of SARS, MERS, and COVID-19 thought to be?
Bats
What is the name of the virus that causes Acute Flaccid Myelitis?
Enterovirus D68
What is the most deadly strain of Ebola virus?
Ebola Zaire
In an infected person, which body fluid has the most HIV particles?
Blood
What is the name of the protein covering on the tooth?
Dental pellicle
Which species is considered a beneficial oral microbe?
Streptococcus salivarius
What is the disease causing agent of AIDS?
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
What is the primary treatment for HIV/AIDS?
Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART)
What is the primary mode of transmission for HPS?
Exposure to aerosolized rodent excreta
What is the primary symptom of SARS in its initial stages?
Flu-like illness with high fever
Which of the following diseases has no specific vaccine available?
All of the above
What is the primary risk of transmission for HIV/AIDS?
All of the above
What is the primary mode of transmission for COVID-19?
Respiratory droplets and aerosols
Which disease is associated with severe neurological impairment and caused by a misfolded prion protein?
BSE (vCJD)
What is the primary treatment for MERS and Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever?
Supportive care
Which disease is transmitted through mosquito bites and associated with mild fever, rash, and conjunctivitis?
Zika virus
What is the primary risk of transmission for BSE (vCJD)?
Consumption of contaminated beef products
Which disease is associated with severe respiratory distress, particularly in young children and individuals with underlying respiratory conditions?
Enterovirus D68
What is the primary mode of transmission for Zika virus infection?
Mosquito bites and perinatal transmission
Which of the following diseases is associated with severe respiratory distress, particularly in young children and individuals with underlying respiratory conditions?
Enterovirus D68
What is the primary mode of transmission for HPS (Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome)?
Rodent excreta and airborne transmission
What is the primary mode of transmission for BSE (vCJD)?
Prion-contaminated products and strict regulations
What is the primary advantage of having a healthy normal microbiota?
Modulation of the immune system
What is the primary mode of transmission for Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever?
Direct contact with infected individuals and bodily fluids
What is the essential measure to prevent the transmission of BSE (vCJD)?
Implementing strict regulations on meat processing and consumption
What is the primary treatment for Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever?
Supportive care
What is the primary risk of transmission for HPS (Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome)?
Exposure to aerosolized rodent excreta
What is the primary mode of transmission for SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)?
Transmission through respiratory droplets from infected individuals
What is the primary treatment for COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019)?
Various treatments depending on the severity of the illness
What is the primary risk of transmission for AIDS?
Unprotected sexual intercourse, sharing needles, and perinatal transmission
What is the primary source of microbiota for a newborn?
Mother during childbirth
Which bacterium is primarily responsible for tooth decay and gum disease?
Streptococcus mutans
What is the term for the thin film that forms on tooth surfaces?
Pellicle
What is the result of the demineralization of tooth enamel by acids produced by bacteria in dental plaque?
Cavity formation
Which body regions are thought to be 'sterile'?
Cerebrospinal fluid and lower respiratory tract
What is the primary role of the pellicle in oral microbiology?
To provide a substrate for bacterial attachment and biofilm formation
What is the primary factor that influences the initial colonization of the infant's gut microbiota?
Mode of delivery
What is the term for a nondigestible substance that helps colonic bacteria?
Prebiotic
Which bacteria are the most common causes of meningitis in the neonate?
Group B Streptococcus, Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes
What is the organ system maldeveloped in 'germ-free' animals?
Immune system
Which virus is thought to cause Acute Flaccid Myelitis?
Enterovirus D68
What is the primary source of microbiota for a newborn?
Mother's gut microbiota
Which bacteria is commonly associated with sinusitis?
Moraxella catarrhalis
What is the name of the protein covering on the tooth?
Dental pellicle
Which species is considered a beneficial oral microbe?
Streptococcus salivarius
Which bacteria are primary colonizers of the tooth surface and contribute to dental plaque formation?
Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius
Discover the diverse world of microorganisms living within and on the human body. Learn about the role of normal microbiota in aiding the host, providing nutrients, and preventing colonization by pathogens. Test your knowledge of the human microbiota and its functions!
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