Human Microbiota: Composition and Functions
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Questions and Answers

What was the situation with Zika virus transmission in the US in 2018 and 2019?

  • There were widespread outbreaks
  • There were many travel-associated cases
  • There were no reports of transmission (correct)
  • There were limited local transmissions

What happened in the Pacific Islands between 2007 and 2013?

  • There was widespread transmission of the Zika virus
  • The Zika virus was eradicated
  • The Zika virus was first detected in mosquitoes
  • The Zika virus spread to numerous islands (correct)

What was the likely cause of the Zika virus spreading to numerous Pacific Islands?

  • Infected air travelers (correct)
  • Contaminated water supplies
  • International trade and commerce
  • Infected mosquitoes migrating from Asia

What was the pattern of Zika virus outbreaks in the US in 2015 and 2016?

<p>Large outbreaks in the Americas, with limited local transmission in some states (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the duration of the Zika virus infection in early cases?

<p>Short duration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which region did the Zika virus first emerge?

<p>East Africa (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary mode of transmission of the Zika virus in the US in 2015 and 2016?

<p>Travel-associated cases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the characteristic rash associated with the Zika virus infection?

<p>Maculopapular (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What health problems were linked to the Zika virus beyond microcephaly?

<p>Autoimmune problems and Guillain-Barré syndrome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the characteristic of the Zika virus infection in the early cases in terms of temperature?

<p>Mild fever (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the pattern of Zika virus outbreaks in Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands?

<p>Widespread transmission (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary location of Zika virus transmission in the US in 2015 and 2016?

<p>Primarily in Florida and Texas (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the situation with microcephaly cases in Brazil by the end of December 2015?

<p>Nearly 3,000 cases were reported (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which year did the number of reported Zika virus disease cases in the US start to decline?

<p>2017 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the characteristic of the Zika virus infection in the early cases in terms of duration?

<p>Short duration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the likely mode of transmission of the Zika virus to the Pacific Islands?

<p>Through infected air travelers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for HIV/AIDS?

<p>Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main mode of transmission for HIV/AIDS?

<p>Unprotected sexual intercourse (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disease is caused by the Sin Nombre virus, a type of hantavirus?

<p>HPS (Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main treatment for HPS (Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome)?

<p>Supportive care (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the disease causing agent of SARS?

<p>SARS-CoV-1 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases has no specific vaccine available?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is caused by a filovirus?

<p>Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission for MERS and COVID-19?

<p>Respiratory droplets and aerosols (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases has a specific vaccine available?

<p>COVID-19 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main treatment for MERS, Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever, and Zika virus?

<p>Supportive care (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is associated with severe neurological impairment?

<p>BSE (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary way to prevent the transmission of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever?

<p>Using personal protective equipment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission for HPS (Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome)?

<p>Exposure to aerosolized rodent excreta (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)?

<p>Supportive care (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the disease causing agent of BSE (vCJD)?

<p>Misfolded prion proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission for MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome)?

<p>Close contact with infected individuals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever?

<p>Supportive care (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary risk of transmission for AIDS?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission for HPS?

<p>Exposure to rodent excreta (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following viruses is associated with severe respiratory illness and neurological complications?

<p>Enterovirus D68 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission for Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever?

<p>Close contact with infected individuals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main protective measure for Zika virus infection?

<p>Mosquito control and avoidance of mosquito bites (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission for BSE (vCJD)?

<p>Contaminated food products (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of having a healthy normal microbiota?

<p>It protects against pathogens by occupying niches and competing for resources (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of microbiota for a newborn?

<p>Mother during childbirth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the thin film that forms on tooth surfaces, influencing bacterial colonization and dental plaque formation?

<p>Pellicle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bacteria are primary colonizers of the tooth surface and contribute to dental plaque formation?

<p>Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius, and Streptococcus sanguinis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the demineralization of tooth enamel by acids produced by bacteria in dental plaque?

<p>Cavity formation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that influences the shaping of microbiota later in life?

<p>Exposure to various environments and interactions with other individuals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What body regions are thought to be 'sterile'?

<p>Blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and bladder (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mode of delivery has a significant influence on the initial colonization of the infant's gut microbiota?

<p>Vaginal delivery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that shapes the composition of the infant's gut microbiota during the first few months?

<p>Mode of feeding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bacteria is commonly associated with cavities?

<p>Streptococcus mutans (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that influences the development and stability of the microbiota in older children?

<p>Environmental exposures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bacteria is commonly associated with atypical pneumonia?

<p>Mycoplasma pneumoniae (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the disease caused by the Ebola virus?

<p>Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary vector for the Zika virus?

<p>Aedes aegypti mosquito (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the protein covering on the tooth?

<p>Dental pellicle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the body surface with the greatest density of microbes?

<p>Skin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a live microbial adjunct that benefits the host?

<p>Probiotic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission for MERS and COVID-19?

<p>Respiratory droplets and aerosols from infected individuals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disease is caused by a misfolded prion protein, particularly from bovine origin?

<p>BSE (vCJD) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for MERS?

<p>Supportive care (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disease is associated with severe respiratory distress, particularly in young children and individuals with underlying respiratory conditions?

<p>Enterovirus D68 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission for Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever?

<p>Direct contact with bodily fluids of infected individuals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for Zika virus infection?

<p>There is no specific treatment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for HIV/AIDS?

<p>Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disease is caused by the Sin Nombre virus, a type of hantavirus?

<p>HPS (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary risk of transmission for HIV/AIDS?

<p>Unprotected sexual intercourse (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the disease causing agent of SARS?

<p>SARS-CoV-1 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for HPS?

<p>Supportive care (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the disease causing agent of AIDS?

<p>Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission for Zika virus infection?

<p>Through mosquito bites and sexual contact (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary protective measure for Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever?

<p>Wearing personal protective equipment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the disease caused by the Zika virus?

<p>No specific disease name (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary risk of transmission for BSE (vCJD)?

<p>Consumption of contaminated beef products (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary risk of transmission for AIDS?

<p>Through sexual contact and sharing needles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disease is caused by a misfolded prion protein?

<p>BSE (vCJD) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the respiratory virus associated with symptoms ranging from mild cold-like symptoms to severe respiratory illness?

<p>Enterovirus D68 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019)?

<p>Antiviral medications and supportive care (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary risk of transmission for Zika virus?

<p>Mosquito bites (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission for BSE (vCJD)?

<p>Through consumption of prion-contaminated products (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission for MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome)?

<p>Close contact with infected individuals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for AIDS?

<p>Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of microbiota for a newborn?

<p>Mother during childbirth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the thin film that forms on tooth surfaces?

<p>Pellicle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that influences the shaping of microbiota later in life?

<p>Environmental factors and interactions with other individuals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bacteria are primary colonizers of the tooth surface and contribute to dental plaque formation?

<p>Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius, and Streptococcus sanguinis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the demineralization of tooth enamel by acids produced by bacteria in dental plaque?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that influences the composition of the infant's gut microbiota during the first few months?

<p>Mode of delivery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that influences the initial colonization of the infant's gut microbiota?

<p>Mode of delivery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a nondigestible substance that helps colonic bacteria?

<p>Prebiotic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bacteria is commonly associated with sinusitis?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus?

<p>COVID-19 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the original source of SARS, MERS, and COVID-19 thought to be?

<p>Bats (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the virus that causes Acute Flaccid Myelitis?

<p>Enterovirus D68 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most deadly strain of Ebola virus?

<p>Ebola Zaire (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In an infected person, which body fluid has the most HIV particles?

<p>Blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the protein covering on the tooth?

<p>Dental pellicle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which species is considered a beneficial oral microbe?

<p>Streptococcus salivarius (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the disease causing agent of AIDS?

<p>Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for HIV/AIDS?

<p>Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission for HPS?

<p>Exposure to aerosolized rodent excreta (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary symptom of SARS in its initial stages?

<p>Flu-like illness with high fever (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases has no specific vaccine available?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary risk of transmission for HIV/AIDS?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission for COVID-19?

<p>Respiratory droplets and aerosols (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disease is associated with severe neurological impairment and caused by a misfolded prion protein?

<p>BSE (vCJD) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for MERS and Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever?

<p>Supportive care (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disease is transmitted through mosquito bites and associated with mild fever, rash, and conjunctivitis?

<p>Zika virus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary risk of transmission for BSE (vCJD)?

<p>Consumption of contaminated beef products (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disease is associated with severe respiratory distress, particularly in young children and individuals with underlying respiratory conditions?

<p>Enterovirus D68 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission for Zika virus infection?

<p>Mosquito bites and perinatal transmission (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is associated with severe respiratory distress, particularly in young children and individuals with underlying respiratory conditions?

<p>Enterovirus D68 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission for HPS (Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome)?

<p>Rodent excreta and airborne transmission (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission for BSE (vCJD)?

<p>Prion-contaminated products and strict regulations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of having a healthy normal microbiota?

<p>Modulation of the immune system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission for Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever?

<p>Direct contact with infected individuals and bodily fluids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the essential measure to prevent the transmission of BSE (vCJD)?

<p>Implementing strict regulations on meat processing and consumption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever?

<p>Supportive care (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary risk of transmission for HPS (Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome)?

<p>Exposure to aerosolized rodent excreta (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission for SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)?

<p>Transmission through respiratory droplets from infected individuals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019)?

<p>Various treatments depending on the severity of the illness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary risk of transmission for AIDS?

<p>Unprotected sexual intercourse, sharing needles, and perinatal transmission (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of microbiota for a newborn?

<p>Mother during childbirth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bacterium is primarily responsible for tooth decay and gum disease?

<p>Streptococcus mutans (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the thin film that forms on tooth surfaces?

<p>Pellicle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the demineralization of tooth enamel by acids produced by bacteria in dental plaque?

<p>Cavity formation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which body regions are thought to be 'sterile'?

<p>Cerebrospinal fluid and lower respiratory tract (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the pellicle in oral microbiology?

<p>To provide a substrate for bacterial attachment and biofilm formation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that influences the initial colonization of the infant's gut microbiota?

<p>Mode of delivery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a nondigestible substance that helps colonic bacteria?

<p>Prebiotic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bacteria are the most common causes of meningitis in the neonate?

<p>Group B Streptococcus, Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the organ system maldeveloped in 'germ-free' animals?

<p>Immune system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which virus is thought to cause Acute Flaccid Myelitis?

<p>Enterovirus D68 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of microbiota for a newborn?

<p>Mother's gut microbiota (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bacteria is commonly associated with sinusitis?

<p>Moraxella catarrhalis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the protein covering on the tooth?

<p>Dental pellicle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which species is considered a beneficial oral microbe?

<p>Streptococcus salivarius (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bacteria are primary colonizers of the tooth surface and contribute to dental plaque formation?

<p>Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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