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Questions and Answers
Questions and Answers
What is the time frame for establishing a stable normal microbiota on the skin, oral cavity, and intestinal tract after birth?
What is the time frame for establishing a stable normal microbiota on the skin, oral cavity, and intestinal tract after birth?
- 48 hours (correct)
- 24 hours
- 1 week
- 72 hours
What is the primary factor that influences the composition of a child's bacterial microbiota?
What is the primary factor that influences the composition of a child's bacterial microbiota?
- Diet supplied
- Local environment for microbes
- Age
- Mother's microbiota (correct)
What is the primary function of normal GI microbiota in aiding the host?
What is the primary function of normal GI microbiota in aiding the host?
- Production of toxins
- Protection from colonization with pathogenic microbes
- Inhibition of mucosa immunity
- Aid in digestion of food (correct)
Which of the following microorganisms is NOT a dominant member of the oral cavity and pharynx?
Which of the following microorganisms is NOT a dominant member of the oral cavity and pharynx?
What is the primary cause of gingivitis?
What is the primary cause of gingivitis?
What is the most common cause of localized aggressive periodontitis?
What is the most common cause of localized aggressive periodontitis?
What is the term coined in 1965 by Lilly and Stillwell to describe a live microbial adjunct?
What is the term coined in 1965 by Lilly and Stillwell to describe a live microbial adjunct?
What is the purpose of fecal microbiota transplantation?
What is the purpose of fecal microbiota transplantation?
What is the role of intestinal microbes in metabolism?
What is the role of intestinal microbes in metabolism?
What is a factor that can change the microbiota/intestinal ecosystem?
What is a factor that can change the microbiota/intestinal ecosystem?
What is the minimum recommended consumption of a probiotic food to achieve its effectiveness?
What is the minimum recommended consumption of a probiotic food to achieve its effectiveness?
What is the primary function of prebiotics in the gut?
What is the primary function of prebiotics in the gut?
Which of the following bacteria is commonly associated with skin infections?
Which of the following bacteria is commonly associated with skin infections?
What is the primary approach to diagnosing bacterial diseases in the lower respiratory tract?
What is the primary approach to diagnosing bacterial diseases in the lower respiratory tract?
What is a common side effect of probiotics in people with an underlying disease or compromised immune system?
What is a common side effect of probiotics in people with an underlying disease or compromised immune system?
Which bacterial species is commonly associated with peptic ulcer?
Which bacterial species is commonly associated with peptic ulcer?
What type of bacteria are Enterobacteriaceae?
What type of bacteria are Enterobacteriaceae?
What is the percentage of Escherichia coli in enteric flora?
What is the percentage of Escherichia coli in enteric flora?
Which of the following is an example of a gram positive cocci?
Which of the following is an example of a gram positive cocci?
What is the significance of social history in microbiology?
What is the significance of social history in microbiology?
What is the main difference between colonization and infection?
What is the main difference between colonization and infection?
Which of the following is a potential positive effect of normal microbiota on the host?
Which of the following is a potential positive effect of normal microbiota on the host?
What is the main function of normal microbiota in preventing colonization by potential pathogens?
What is the main function of normal microbiota in preventing colonization by potential pathogens?
Why are parasites not considered part of the normal microbiota?
Why are parasites not considered part of the normal microbiota?
Under what condition could a microbe colonize a host permanently?
Under what condition could a microbe colonize a host permanently?
Which probiotic species may assist in lowering cholesterol by breaking down bile in the gut?
Which probiotic species may assist in lowering cholesterol by breaking down bile in the gut?
Which probiotic species is especially popular in combating Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)?
Which probiotic species is especially popular in combating Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)?
Which probiotic species secretes the oxidant hydrogen peroxide, playing a protective role in the body?
Which probiotic species secretes the oxidant hydrogen peroxide, playing a protective role in the body?
Which company makes Wellness Bars with more than 5 times the live active cultures found in yogurt?
Which company makes Wellness Bars with more than 5 times the live active cultures found in yogurt?
Which probiotic species has been identified as highly antimicrobial and antioxidative?
Which probiotic species has been identified as highly antimicrobial and antioxidative?
What is the estimated number of bacteria present on the human body shortly after birth?
What is the estimated number of bacteria present on the human body shortly after birth?
What is the primary function of normal microbiota in terms of the host's immune system?
What is the primary function of normal microbiota in terms of the host's immune system?
What is the term that describes the establishment of a site of reproduction of microbes on a person without necessarily resulting in tissue invasion or damage?
What is the term that describes the establishment of a site of reproduction of microbes on a person without necessarily resulting in tissue invasion or damage?
What is the significance of the discovery of 'biofilms' in utero?
What is the significance of the discovery of 'biofilms' in utero?
What is the outcome of exposure to a microorganism that does not result in disease or tissue invasion?
What is the outcome of exposure to a microorganism that does not result in disease or tissue invasion?
What is the primary factor that influences the composition of the infant's bacterial microbiota after birth?
What is the primary factor that influences the composition of the infant's bacterial microbiota after birth?
What is the primary function of the normal GI microbiota in aiding the host?
What is the primary function of the normal GI microbiota in aiding the host?
Which of the following bacteria is commonly associated with the oral cavity and pharynx?
Which of the following bacteria is commonly associated with the oral cavity and pharynx?
What is the primary cause of gingivitis?
What is the primary cause of gingivitis?
How long does it take to establish a stable normal microbiota on the skin, oral cavity, and intestinal tract after birth?
How long does it take to establish a stable normal microbiota on the skin, oral cavity, and intestinal tract after birth?
Which organism is standout for Peptic Ulcer?
Which organism is standout for Peptic Ulcer?
What is the percentage of Escherichia coli in enteric flora?
What is the percentage of Escherichia coli in enteric flora?
What type of bacteria are Enterobacteriaceae?
What type of bacteria are Enterobacteriaceae?
What is the significance of social history in microbiology?
What is the significance of social history in microbiology?
What is the main characteristic of bacteria from the GI tract?
What is the main characteristic of bacteria from the GI tract?
What is the primary function of Actinobacillus actinomycetem-comitans in periodontitis?
What is the primary function of Actinobacillus actinomycetem-comitans in periodontitis?
What is the purpose of fecal microbiota transplantation in treating patients with pseudomembranous colitis?
What is the purpose of fecal microbiota transplantation in treating patients with pseudomembranous colitis?
What is the significance of Elie Metchnikoff in the history of probiotics?
What is the significance of Elie Metchnikoff in the history of probiotics?
What is a factor that can change the microbiota/intestinal ecosystem?
What is a factor that can change the microbiota/intestinal ecosystem?
What is the role of Porphyromonas gingivalis in periodontitis?
What is the role of Porphyromonas gingivalis in periodontitis?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Lactobacillus casei shirota cells?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Lactobacillus casei shirota cells?
What is the primary mechanism by which probiotics exert their effects in the intestine?
What is the primary mechanism by which probiotics exert their effects in the intestine?
Which of the following is a rare side effect of probiotics in people with an underlying disease or compromised immune system?
Which of the following is a rare side effect of probiotics in people with an underlying disease or compromised immune system?
What is the primary approach clinicians use to diagnose bacterial diseases in the upper respiratory tract?
What is the primary approach clinicians use to diagnose bacterial diseases in the upper respiratory tract?
What is the primary characteristic of prebiotics?
What is the primary characteristic of prebiotics?
What is the primary benefit of L.fermentum in relation to immune health?
What is the primary benefit of L.fermentum in relation to immune health?
What is the effect of L.plantarum on the colon?
What is the effect of L.plantarum on the colon?
Which of the following is a potential health benefit of consuming probiotics?
Which of the following is a potential health benefit of consuming probiotics?
Which probiotic species is commonly used in yogurt production?
Which probiotic species is commonly used in yogurt production?
What is the primary benefit of B.infantis in relation to gastrointestinal health?
What is the primary benefit of B.infantis in relation to gastrointestinal health?
What is the potential healthcare savings predicted by a 2015 study if people use probiotics to prevent and treat respiratory infections?
What is the potential healthcare savings predicted by a 2015 study if people use probiotics to prevent and treat respiratory infections?
Which Lactobacillus species has been shown to reduce the major symptoms of gastrointestinal disorders, including diarrhea, flatulence, bloating, cramping, and constipation?
Which Lactobacillus species has been shown to reduce the major symptoms of gastrointestinal disorders, including diarrhea, flatulence, bloating, cramping, and constipation?
What is the primary mechanism by which Lactobacillus bulgaricus may help prevent colon cancer?
What is the primary mechanism by which Lactobacillus bulgaricus may help prevent colon cancer?
Which of the following probiotic products contains more than 5 times the live active cultures found in yogurt?
Which of the following probiotic products contains more than 5 times the live active cultures found in yogurt?
Which Lactobacillus species is especially popular in combating Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)?
Which Lactobacillus species is especially popular in combating Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)?
What is the primary mechanism by which Actinobacillus actinomycetem-comitans causes bone resorption in periodontitis?
What is the primary mechanism by which Actinobacillus actinomycetem-comitans causes bone resorption in periodontitis?
What is the primary role of the intestinal microbiota in the production of neurotransmitters?
What is the primary role of the intestinal microbiota in the production of neurotransmitters?
What is the primary advantage of using a fecal microbiota transplantation over probiotics in treating patients with pseudomembranous colitis?
What is the primary advantage of using a fecal microbiota transplantation over probiotics in treating patients with pseudomembranous colitis?
What is the primary role of the immune system in the context of the human microbiota?
What is the primary role of the immune system in the context of the human microbiota?
What is the primary mechanism by which Porphyromonas gingivalis contributes to the destruction of gum tissue and bone in periodontitis?
What is the primary mechanism by which Porphyromonas gingivalis contributes to the destruction of gum tissue and bone in periodontitis?
What is the ideal approach to diagnosing bacterial diseases in certain locations of the body?
What is the ideal approach to diagnosing bacterial diseases in certain locations of the body?
What is the primary characteristic of prebiotics that distinguishes them from other substances?
What is the primary characteristic of prebiotics that distinguishes them from other substances?
Why is Gram stain and culture not always practical in certain infections?
Why is Gram stain and culture not always practical in certain infections?
What is the primary concern for people taking immunosuppressive drugs and consuming probiotics?
What is the primary concern for people taking immunosuppressive drugs and consuming probiotics?
What is the typical characteristic of bacteria that cause disease in a certain location of the body?
What is the typical characteristic of bacteria that cause disease in a certain location of the body?
What is the most common type of bacteria found in the enteric flora?
What is the most common type of bacteria found in the enteric flora?
Which of the following bacteria is not typically associated with 'food poisoning'?
Which of the following bacteria is not typically associated with 'food poisoning'?
What is the primary significance of social history in microbiology?
What is the primary significance of social history in microbiology?
Which of the following organisms is typically associated with peptic ulcers?
Which of the following organisms is typically associated with peptic ulcers?
What is the primary characteristic of the enteric flora?
What is the primary characteristic of the enteric flora?
Why was there a significant difference in the major cause of death between germ-free animals and conventionally maintained animals?
Why was there a significant difference in the major cause of death between germ-free animals and conventionally maintained animals?
What factor is mentioned as being influential in the composition of a child's bacterial microbiota?
What factor is mentioned as being influential in the composition of a child's bacterial microbiota?
Why is the human stomach considered to be a 'sterile' site?
Why is the human stomach considered to be a 'sterile' site?
What is the primary role of oral streptococci in the oral cavity and pharynx?
What is the primary role of oral streptococci in the oral cavity and pharynx?
What is the primary cause of gingivitis and periodontitis according to the text?
What is the primary cause of gingivitis and periodontitis according to the text?
What is the primary outcome of a microorganism's exposure to a human host?
What is the primary outcome of a microorganism's exposure to a human host?
When does the colonization of a human's body surfaces typically occur?
When does the colonization of a human's body surfaces typically occur?
What is the role of normal microbiota in preventing colonization by potential pathogens?
What is the role of normal microbiota in preventing colonization by potential pathogens?
What is the significance of the discovery of 'biofilms' in utero?
What is the significance of the discovery of 'biofilms' in utero?
What is the primary difference between colonization and infection?
What is the primary difference between colonization and infection?
What is the primary role of normal microbiota in the human body?
What is the primary role of normal microbiota in the human body?
What is the term for the growth and multiplication of a microbe in or on the body of the host with or without the production of disease?
What is the term for the growth and multiplication of a microbe in or on the body of the host with or without the production of disease?
What is the primary outcome of a microorganism's exposure to a human host that does not result in disease or tissue invasion?
What is the primary outcome of a microorganism's exposure to a human host that does not result in disease or tissue invasion?
When does the colonization of a human's body surfaces typically occur?
When does the colonization of a human's body surfaces typically occur?
What is the difference between colonization and infection?
What is the difference between colonization and infection?
What is the significance of the presence of 'biofilms' in utero?
What is the significance of the presence of 'biofilms' in utero?
What is the primary characteristic of bacteria from the GI tract?
What is the primary characteristic of bacteria from the GI tract?
Which of the following bacteria is commonly associated with Peptic Ulcer?
Which of the following bacteria is commonly associated with Peptic Ulcer?
What is the significance of social history in microbiology?
What is the significance of social history in microbiology?
What is the percentage of Escherichia coli in enteric flora?
What is the percentage of Escherichia coli in enteric flora?
Which of the following is not a common bacterial cause of food poisoning?
Which of the following is not a common bacterial cause of food poisoning?
What is the importance of Gram stain and culture in microbiology?
What is the importance of Gram stain and culture in microbiology?
What is the minimum consumption of a probiotic food required to maintain its effectiveness?
What is the minimum consumption of a probiotic food required to maintain its effectiveness?
What is the primary function of prebiotics?
What is the primary function of prebiotics?
What is the usual approach to diagnosing bacterial diseases in the upper respiratory tract?
What is the usual approach to diagnosing bacterial diseases in the upper respiratory tract?
Which of the following bacteria is commonly associated with skin infections?
Which of the following bacteria is commonly associated with skin infections?
What is a rare side effect of probiotics?
What is a rare side effect of probiotics?
What is the characteristic of bacteria that cause disease in a certain location of the body?
What is the characteristic of bacteria that cause disease in a certain location of the body?
Which of the following is an example of a probiotic?
Which of the following is an example of a probiotic?
What is the primary approach to diagnosing bacterial diseases in the lower respiratory tract?
What is the primary approach to diagnosing bacterial diseases in the lower respiratory tract?
Which of the following bacteria is commonly associated with sinusitis?
Which of the following bacteria is commonly associated with sinusitis?
What is the significance of the Gram stain in diagnosing bacterial diseases?
What is the significance of the Gram stain in diagnosing bacterial diseases?
Which microorganism is identified as a common cause of localized aggressive periodontitis?
Which microorganism is identified as a common cause of localized aggressive periodontitis?
What is the primary history significance of Elie Metchnikoff in the context of probiotics?
What is the primary history significance of Elie Metchnikoff in the context of probiotics?
Which of the following best describes the beneficial effects of fecal microbiota transplantation?
Which of the following best describes the beneficial effects of fecal microbiota transplantation?
What is one common probiotic strain mentioned in the text?
What is one common probiotic strain mentioned in the text?
How is fecal microbiota transplantation similar to an organ transplant?
How is fecal microbiota transplantation similar to an organ transplant?
Which bacterial species is notable for causing pseudomembranous colitis?
Which bacterial species is notable for causing pseudomembranous colitis?
What was the proposed impact of regular consumption of fermented milk products as per Elie Metchnikoff?
What was the proposed impact of regular consumption of fermented milk products as per Elie Metchnikoff?
Which characteristic is attributed to Porphyromonas gingivalis in the text?
Which characteristic is attributed to Porphyromonas gingivalis in the text?
What is the primary function of microbiota in immunity according to the text?
What is the primary function of microbiota in immunity according to the text?
What is the common cause of periodontitis in adults as mentioned in the text?
What is the common cause of periodontitis in adults as mentioned in the text?
How does handling and feeding of the infant after birth impact the establishment of normal microbiota?
How does handling and feeding of the infant after birth impact the establishment of normal microbiota?
What was observed about the lifespan of germ-free animals compared to conventionally maintained counterparts?
What was observed about the lifespan of germ-free animals compared to conventionally maintained counterparts?
What factor contributes to the composition of a child's bacterial microbiota?
What factor contributes to the composition of a child's bacterial microbiota?
What is the primary function of the normal GI microbiota in aiding the host?
What is the primary function of the normal GI microbiota in aiding the host?
What major cause of death was observed to be different in germ-free animals compared to conventional animals?
What major cause of death was observed to be different in germ-free animals compared to conventional animals?
Which of the following factors affects the oral microbiota?
Which of the following factors affects the oral microbiota?
What is the primary benefit of L. fermentum?
What is the primary benefit of L. fermentum?
Which probiotic species is known for reducing the occurrences of traveler's diarrhea and food poisoning?
Which probiotic species is known for reducing the occurrences of traveler's diarrhea and food poisoning?
In what way does gingivitis typically begin?
In what way does gingivitis typically begin?
How do certain Lactobacillus probiotics help prevent colon cancer?
How do certain Lactobacillus probiotics help prevent colon cancer?
How does bacteria in plaque contribute to periodontitis?
How does bacteria in plaque contribute to periodontitis?
What is one of the major characteristics of oral streptococci in the oral cavity and pharynx?
What is one of the major characteristics of oral streptococci in the oral cavity and pharynx?
What is the primary benefit of B. longum?
What is the primary benefit of B. longum?
What role do specific bacteria, such as Strep mutans, play in the formation of caries?
What role do specific bacteria, such as Strep mutans, play in the formation of caries?
Which probiotic species is particularly popular for combating Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)?
Which probiotic species is particularly popular for combating Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)?
What is the key benefit of B. lactis in terms of immune health?
What is the key benefit of B. lactis in terms of immune health?
How do certain Lactobacillus species contribute to blood pressure reduction?
How do certain Lactobacillus species contribute to blood pressure reduction?
Which probiotic species assists in lowering cholesterol through bile breakdown?
Which probiotic species assists in lowering cholesterol through bile breakdown?
What is the primary function of L. casei regarding lactose?
What is the primary function of L. casei regarding lactose?
Which probiotic species secretes hydrogen peroxide to protect the body?
Which probiotic species secretes hydrogen peroxide to protect the body?
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