BIOL2700: Human Microbiota Introduction Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the time frame for establishing a stable normal microbiota on the skin, oral cavity, and intestinal tract after birth?

  • 48 hours (correct)
  • 24 hours
  • 1 week
  • 72 hours

    • What is the primary factor that influences the composition of a child's bacterial microbiota?

  • Diet supplied
  • Local environment for microbes
  • Age
  • Mother's microbiota (correct)

    • What is the primary function of normal GI microbiota in aiding the host?

  • Production of toxins
  • Protection from colonization with pathogenic microbes
  • Inhibition of mucosa immunity
  • Aid in digestion of food (correct)

    • Which of the following microorganisms is NOT a dominant member of the oral cavity and pharynx?

    <p>Staphylococcus epidermidis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of gingivitis?

    <p>Plaque-induced response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of localized aggressive periodontitis?

    <p>Actinobacillus actinomycetem-comitans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term coined in 1965 by Lilly and Stillwell to describe a live microbial adjunct?

    <p>Probiotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of fecal microbiota transplantation?

    <p>To restore colon homeostasis in patients with pseudomembranous colitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of intestinal microbes in metabolism?

    <p>They produce vitamins and neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a factor that can change the microbiota/intestinal ecosystem?

    <p>Antibiotics and other drug intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum recommended consumption of a probiotic food to achieve its effectiveness?

    <p>100g with 10^7 cfu/g</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of prebiotics in the gut?

    <p>To stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bacteria is commonly associated with skin infections?

    <p>Staphylococcus aureus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary approach to diagnosing bacterial diseases in the lower respiratory tract?

    <p>Combination of Gram stain and culture approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of probiotics in people with an underlying disease or compromised immune system?

    <p>Skin rash</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial species is commonly associated with peptic ulcer?

    <p>Helicobacter pylori</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bacteria are Enterobacteriaceae?

    <p>Facultative anaerobes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of Escherichia coli in enteric flora?

    <p>80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a gram positive cocci?

    <p>Staphylococcus aureus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of social history in microbiology?

    <p>It is important for understanding the origin of infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between colonization and infection?

    <p>Colonization involves reproduction of microbes without tissue invasion, while infection involves tissue invasion and damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential positive effect of normal microbiota on the host?

    <p>Stimulate the immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of normal microbiota in preventing colonization by potential pathogens?

    <p>They occupy the ecological niche, leaving no space for pathogens to thrive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are parasites not considered part of the normal microbiota?

    <p>They do not aid the host and can harm the host.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under what condition could a microbe colonize a host permanently?

    <p>When it establishes reproduction sites without invading tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which probiotic species may assist in lowering cholesterol by breaking down bile in the gut?

    <p>L. casei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which probiotic species is especially popular in combating Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)?

    <p>L. plantarum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which probiotic species secretes the oxidant hydrogen peroxide, playing a protective role in the body?

    <p>L. plantarum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which company makes Wellness Bars with more than 5 times the live active cultures found in yogurt?

    <p>Attune Foods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which probiotic species has been identified as highly antimicrobial and antioxidative?

    <p>L. bulgaricus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated number of bacteria present on the human body shortly after birth?

    <p>10^14</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of normal microbiota in terms of the host's immune system?

    <p>To stimulate the immune system and provide cross-reactive immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term that describes the establishment of a site of reproduction of microbes on a person without necessarily resulting in tissue invasion or damage?

    <p>Colonization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the discovery of 'biofilms' in utero?

    <p>It is not yet fully understood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of exposure to a microorganism that does not result in disease or tissue invasion?

    <p>Transient colonization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that influences the composition of the infant's bacterial microbiota after birth?

    <p>Mother's microbiota</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the normal GI microbiota in aiding the host?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bacteria is commonly associated with the oral cavity and pharynx?

    <p>Streptococcus salivarius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of gingivitis?

    <p>Plaque-induced inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does it take to establish a stable normal microbiota on the skin, oral cavity, and intestinal tract after birth?

    <p>48 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism is standout for Peptic Ulcer?

    <p>Helicobacter pylori</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of Escherichia coli in enteric flora?

    <p>80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bacteria are Enterobacteriaceae?

    <p>Facultative aerobic gram-negative rods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of social history in microbiology?

    <p>It is important for understanding the patient's previous health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of bacteria from the GI tract?

    <p>They are usually polymicrobial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Actinobacillus actinomycetem-comitans in periodontitis?

    <p>To cause bone resorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of fecal microbiota transplantation in treating patients with pseudomembranous colitis?

    <p>To restore the normal bacterial microbiota</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Elie Metchnikoff in the history of probiotics?

    <p>He first conceptualized the idea of probiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a factor that can change the microbiota/intestinal ecosystem?

    <p>Antibiotics and other drug intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Porphyromonas gingivalis in periodontitis?

    <p>To contribute to the destruction of gum tissue and bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Lactobacillus casei shirota cells?

    <p>They are cultured in a dairy beverage with a citrus flavor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which probiotics exert their effects in the intestine?

    <p>By metabolizing and growing during their passage through the intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a rare side effect of probiotics in people with an underlying disease or compromised immune system?

    <p>Skin rash and fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary approach clinicians use to diagnose bacterial diseases in the upper respiratory tract?

    <p>Empiric therapy based on the Gram stain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of prebiotics?

    <p>They are nondigestible components that selectively stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of L.fermentum in relation to immune health?

    <p>It has demonstrated clinical efficacy within immune health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of L.plantarum on the colon?

    <p>It creates a healthy barrier in the colon and helps lower luminal pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential health benefit of consuming probiotics?

    <p>May help reduce the severity of respiratory infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which probiotic species is commonly used in yogurt production?

    <p>L. bulgaricus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of B.infantis in relation to gastrointestinal health?

    <p>It has been shown to reduce the major symptoms of gastrointestinal disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential healthcare savings predicted by a 2015 study if people use probiotics to prevent and treat respiratory infections?

    <p>100 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Lactobacillus species has been shown to reduce the major symptoms of gastrointestinal disorders, including diarrhea, flatulence, bloating, cramping, and constipation?

    <p>B. infantis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which Lactobacillus bulgaricus may help prevent colon cancer?

    <p>By preventing the breakdown of enzymes that contribute to the growth of cancer-causing agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following probiotic products contains more than 5 times the live active cultures found in yogurt?

    <p>Attune Foods Wellness Bars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Lactobacillus species is especially popular in combating Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)?

    <p>B. infantis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which Actinobacillus actinomycetem-comitans causes bone resorption in periodontitis?

    <p>Production of exotoxins that directly kill osteoclasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the intestinal microbiota in the production of neurotransmitters?

    <p>Conversion of dietary amino acids into neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using a fecal microbiota transplantation over probiotics in treating patients with pseudomembranous colitis?

    <p>Fecal microbiota transplantation restores the entire gut microbiota, not just a few strains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the immune system in the context of the human microbiota?

    <p>Induction of low levels of circulating and secretory antibodies that cross-react with pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which Porphyromonas gingivalis contributes to the destruction of gum tissue and bone in periodontitis?

    <p>Production of enzymes that break down gum tissue and bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ideal approach to diagnosing bacterial diseases in certain locations of the body?

    <p>Combination of organ system and Gram stain approaches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of prebiotics that distinguishes them from other substances?

    <p>Ability to selectively stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is Gram stain and culture not always practical in certain infections?

    <p>Difficulty in accessing the infection site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern for people taking immunosuppressive drugs and consuming probiotics?

    <p>Risk of life-threatening conditions due to interactions with immunosuppressive drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical characteristic of bacteria that cause disease in a certain location of the body?

    <p>Specific infection patterns, such as zoonoses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common type of bacteria found in the enteric flora?

    <p>Facultative aerobic enteric gram-negative rods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bacteria is not typically associated with 'food poisoning'?

    <p>Helicobacter pylori</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary significance of social history in microbiology?

    <p>Identifying the source of infectious disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organisms is typically associated with peptic ulcers?

    <p>Helicobacter pylori</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the enteric flora?

    <p>Polymicrobial with a dominance of gram-negative rods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why was there a significant difference in the major cause of death between germ-free animals and conventionally maintained animals?

    <p>Infection was a major cause of death in conventionally maintained animals, while intestinal atonia frequently killed germ-free animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is mentioned as being influential in the composition of a child's bacterial microbiota?

    <p>Local Environment (pH, temperature, etc.)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the human stomach considered to be a 'sterile' site?

    <p>The stomach has a low pH that inhibits microbial growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of oral streptococci in the oral cavity and pharynx?

    <p>Inhibit the colonization of many pathogenic bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of gingivitis and periodontitis according to the text?

    <p>Accumulation of plaque in various areas in the mouth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of a microorganism's exposure to a human host?

    <p>Transient colonization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does the colonization of a human's body surfaces typically occur?

    <p>At the moment of birth and passage through the birth canal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of normal microbiota in preventing colonization by potential pathogens?

    <p>Preventing the growth of other microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the discovery of 'biofilms' in utero?

    <p>It is not yet fully understood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between colonization and infection?

    <p>Infection is the growth of a microbe, while colonization is the establishment of a site of reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of normal microbiota in the human body?

    <p>To aid the host and provide some nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the growth and multiplication of a microbe in or on the body of the host with or without the production of disease?

    <p>Infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of a microorganism's exposure to a human host that does not result in disease or tissue invasion?

    <p>Transient colonization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does the colonization of a human's body surfaces typically occur?

    <p>At the moment of birth and passage through the birth canal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between colonization and infection?

    <p>Colonization is the establishment of a site of reproduction of microbes without tissue invasion, while infection is the growth and multiplication of a microbe with or without disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the presence of 'biofilms' in utero?

    <p>It is not yet fully understood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of bacteria from the GI tract?

    <p>Polymicrobial and gram-negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bacteria is commonly associated with Peptic Ulcer?

    <p>Helicobacter pylori</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of social history in microbiology?

    <p>It provides important clues for diagnosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of Escherichia coli in enteric flora?

    <p>80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a common bacterial cause of food poisoning?

    <p>Streptococcus sp</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of Gram stain and culture in microbiology?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum consumption of a probiotic food required to maintain its effectiveness?

    <p>100g of a probiotic food with 10^7 cfu/g</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of prebiotics?

    <p>To beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth of colonic bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the usual approach to diagnosing bacterial diseases in the upper respiratory tract?

    <p>Empiric therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bacteria is commonly associated with skin infections?

    <p>Staphylococcus aureus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a rare side effect of probiotics?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of bacteria that cause disease in a certain location of the body?

    <p>Infection patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a probiotic?

    <p>Yakult</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary approach to diagnosing bacterial diseases in the lower respiratory tract?

    <p>Gram stain and culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bacteria is commonly associated with sinusitis?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Gram stain in diagnosing bacterial diseases?

    <p>It is used to treat empirically before cultures are completed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microorganism is identified as a common cause of localized aggressive periodontitis?

    <p>Porphyromonas gingivalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary history significance of Elie Metchnikoff in the context of probiotics?

    <p>Suggested regular consumption of fermented milk products for improved health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the beneficial effects of fecal microbiota transplantation?

    <p>Restores colon homeostasis by reintroducing normal bacterial microbiota</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one common probiotic strain mentioned in the text?

    <p>Lactobacillus casei subspecies rhamnosus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is fecal microbiota transplantation similar to an organ transplant?

    <p>Involves transferring healthy donor material to a recipient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial species is notable for causing pseudomembranous colitis?

    <p>Clostridium difficile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the proposed impact of regular consumption of fermented milk products as per Elie Metchnikoff?

    <p>Extended longevity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is attributed to Porphyromonas gingivalis in the text?

    <p>Forms bone resorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of microbiota in immunity according to the text?

    <p>Occupying ecological niches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common cause of periodontitis in adults as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Porphyromonas gingivalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does handling and feeding of the infant after birth impact the establishment of normal microbiota?

    <p>It helps establish a stable normal microbiota within 48 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was observed about the lifespan of germ-free animals compared to conventionally maintained counterparts?

    <p>Germ-free animals lived nearly twice as long as conventional animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor contributes to the composition of a child's bacterial microbiota?

    <p>The mother's microbiota</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the normal GI microbiota in aiding the host?

    <p>Aiding in digestion of food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major cause of death was observed to be different in germ-free animals compared to conventional animals?

    <p>Intestinal atonia frequently killed germ-free animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors affects the oral microbiota?

    <p>Tooth eruption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of L. fermentum?

    <p>Aids in digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which probiotic species is known for reducing the occurrences of traveler's diarrhea and food poisoning?

    <p>L. acidophilus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does gingivitis typically begin?

    <p>Due to a plaque-induced response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do certain Lactobacillus probiotics help prevent colon cancer?

    <p>By promoting the growth of cancer-causing agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does bacteria in plaque contribute to periodontitis?

    <p>By initiating an inflammatory response in the gum tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the major characteristics of oral streptococci in the oral cavity and pharynx?

    <p>Inhibiting the colonization of pathogenic bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of B. longum?

    <p>Reduces cholesterol levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do specific bacteria, such as Strep mutans, play in the formation of caries?

    <p>They induce caries when fed a cariogenic diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which probiotic species is particularly popular for combating Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)?

    <p>L. plantarum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key benefit of B. lactis in terms of immune health?

    <p>Decreases gastrointestinal discomfort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do certain Lactobacillus species contribute to blood pressure reduction?

    <p>By assisting in digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which probiotic species assists in lowering cholesterol through bile breakdown?

    <p>B. lactis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of L. casei regarding lactose?

    <p>Encouraging the growth of beneficial bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which probiotic species secretes hydrogen peroxide to protect the body?

    <p>L. rhamnosus</p> Signup and view all the answers

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