Human Life Span Development Overview
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Questions and Answers

What are the 6 substages of the sensorimotor stage?

  • Preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational, pre-formal operational, post-formal operational, and abstract thought
  • Reflexes, primary circular reactions, secondary circular reactions, coordination of secondary circular reactions, tertiary circular reactions, and invention of new means through mental combinations (correct)
  • Diffusion, moratorium, foreclosure, identity achievement
  • Trust v mistrust, autonomy v shame/doubt, initiative v guilt, industry v inferiority, identity v role confusion, intimacy v isolation, generativity v stagnation; integrity v despair

The ______ is the part of personality that represents our internalized moral compass.

superego

Piaget's theory of cognitive development suggests that children move through stages of cognitive development in a fixed order, without skipping any stages.

True (A)

Match each theorist with their respective theory or concept:

<p>Piaget = Cognitive Development Vygotsky = Zone of Proximal Development Erikson = Psychosocial Development Freud = Psychoanalytic Theory Kohlberg = Moral Development Gilligan = Care Perspective in Morality</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main types of attachment styles?

<p>Secure, avoidant, and resistant-ambivalent</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the five factors in the 'Big Five' model of personality.

<p>Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism</p> Signup and view all the answers

The frontal lobe of the brain is fully developed at birth.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these are examples of physical milestones in early development?

<p>Crawling, sitting up, standing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the age at which a fetus is considered viable, meaning it can potentially survive outside the womb?

<p>Age of Viability</p> Signup and view all the answers

The nature/ nurture debate is concerned with the relative contributions of genetics and environmental factors in human development.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Teratogens are environmental agents that can negatively impact fetal ______ during prenatal development.

<p>development</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the APA paper format?

<p>To provide a standardized structure for presenting research findings in a clear, concise, and organized manner.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of research study involves collecting data from the same individuals over a period of time?

<p>Longitudinal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a blind study and a double-blind study?

<p>In a blind study, either the participants or the researchers are unaware of the treatment conditions; in a double-blind study, both participants and researchers are unaware of the treatment conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a part of an experiment?

<p>Qualitative data (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Informed consent is a key ethical principle in research, ensuring that participants understand the risks and benefits of participating in a study.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is metacognition?

<p>Metacognition is the awareness and understanding of one's own thinking processes and cognitive abilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a stage in Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

<p>Autonomous (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The concept of 'egocentrism' in Piaget's theory refers to the child's ability to see things from other people's perspectives.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the limbic system in the brain?

<p>The limbic system is responsible for regulating emotions, motivation, and memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Noam Chomsky proposed the concept of the ______, which reflects the innate capacity for language development in humans.

<p>Language Acquisition Device (LAD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a stage of psychosocial development according to Erikson?

<p>Autonomy v Shame and Doubt (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term 'semenarche' refers to the onset of menstruation in females.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a 'dominant gene' and a 'recessive gene'?

<p>A dominant gene expresses its trait even if only one copy is present, whereas a recessive gene only expresses its trait if two copies are present.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a common teratogen?

<p>Sunlight (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of ______ involves the division of a single cell into two identical daughter cells.

<p>mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term 'proximodistal' refers to the developmental progression from the head to the toes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the term 'Zone of Proximal Development' (ZPD) as proposed by Vygotsky?

<p>The ZPD represents the optimal learning zone where a child can achieve tasks with the help of a more knowledgeable other, exceeding what they could achieve independently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a type of research study?

<p>Anecdotal evidence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A double-blind study is where neither the researcher nor the participant knows who is receiving the treatment.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between 'formal thought' and 'abstract thought'?

<p>Formal thought is characterized by the ability to reason logically and systematically about abstract concepts, while abstract thought involves considering possibilities and exploring hypothetical situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each type of attachment style with its corresponding characteristic:

<p>Secure Attachment = A child feels safe and secure in the presence of their caregiver, seeking comfort when distressed. Avoidant Attachment = A child avoids seeking proximity to their caregiver and appears independent, showing little emotional response to separation. Resistant-Ambivalent Attachment = A child is clingy and anxious around their caregiver, often showing distress both during separation and upon reunion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Temperament is a relatively stable aspect of an individual's personality that is largely influenced by environmental factors.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four identity statuses proposed by Marcia?

<p>Diffusion, moratorium, foreclosure, and identity achievement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key developmental stage during the prenatal period?

<p>Infancy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of ______ involves the fusion of male and female gametes.

<p>fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

The concept of 'object permanence' refers to the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the 'ego ideal' in Freud's theory of personality?

<p>The ego ideal represents a set of moral and ethical standards that the individual strives to achieve, serving as a source of pride and motivation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'concrete operational' stage in Piaget's theory is characterized by the child's ability to think abstractly and hypothetically.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these terms is NOT associated with the concept of intelligence?

<p>Ego ideal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of ______ refers to the gradual shift in the body's center of gravity from the head to the feet.

<p>cephalocaudal development</p> Signup and view all the answers

A 'case study' is a research method that involves collecting detailed information about a single individual or a small group.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a longitudinal study and a cross-sectional study?

<p>A longitudinal study tracks the same individuals over a period of time, while a cross-sectional study compares different groups of individuals at a single point in time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a type of research design?

<p>Anecdotal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'preoperational stage' in Piaget's theory is characterized by the child's ability to engage in deductive reasoning.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the key features of the 'conventional' stage in Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

<p>The conventional stage is characterized by a focus on maintaining social order and fulfilling one's social roles, with morality based on societal norms and expectations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A ______ is a factor that can be manipulated in an experiment.

<p>variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'tertiary circular reactions' stage in Piaget's sensorimotor stage is characterized by the child's ability to imitate and repeat actions they have observed.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between 'assimilation' and 'accommodation' in Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

<p>Assimilation involves incorporating new information into existing schemas, whereas accommodation involves modifying or creating new schemas to fit new information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a key stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

<p>Social-emotional (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Nature vs. Nurture

The debate on whether genetics (nature) or environment (nurture) have more influence on development.

Theory

A systematic explanation for observations in human life span development.

Hypothesis

A testable prediction about a relationship between variables.

APA Paper Parts

Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion, and Abstract sections in a psychology paper.

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Case Study

In-depth analysis of one person or a small group.

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Test

Standardized assessment of skills and abilities.

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Observation

Systematic watching and recording of behavior.

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Survey

Gathering data from a large sample using questionnaires.

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Correlation Coefficient

A statistical measure of the relationship between two variables.

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Longitudinal Study

Following the same group over time.

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Cross-sectional Study

Comparing different age groups at one point in time.

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Independent Variable (IV)

The variable manipulated by the researcher.

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Dependent Variable (DV)

The variable measured to see the effect of the independent variable.

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Random Selection

Choosing participants randomly from the population to ensure representativeness.

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Control Group

The group not exposed to the independent variable.

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Experiment Group

The group exposed to the independent variable.

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Random Assignment

Assigning participants randomly to groups.

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Informed Consent

Participants agree to participate in the study after understanding risks and benefits.

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Sex Chromosomes

Chromosomes (X and Y) that determine biological sex.

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Gamete

Reproductive cell (sperm or egg).

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Blastocyst

A developing embryo in the early stages.

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Teratogen

Environmental agent that can cause birth defects.

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Piaget's Theory

Cognitive development stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational.

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Study Notes

Human Life Span Development

  • Definition of Human Life Span Development: Not provided.
  • Nature/Nurture Debate: Not provided.
  • Research:
    • Includes theory and hypothesis.
    • APA paper parts: introduction, methods, results, discussion, abstract.
    • Research types: case studies, tests, observations, surveys, correlations (correlation coefficient), longitudinal, cross-sectional, cross-sequential, experiments.
    • Experiment components: independent variable (IV), dependent variable (DV), population, sample, random selection/assignment, control group, double-blind study, blind study.
    • Ethical guidelines and informed consent.
  • Prenatal Development:
    • Chromosomes (eggs, sperm, normal cells, mitosis, meiosis, sex chromosomes for males and females).
    • Gametes, blastocyst, dominant/recessive genes.
    • Germinal, embryonic, fetal stages.
    • Age of viability, organogenesis, sexual differentiation.
    • Teratogens.
  • Cognition:
    • Piaget's stages: disequilibrium/schema, assimilation/accommodation (sensorimotor, object permanence, preoperational, egocentrism, animism, centration, concrete operations, conservation, formal thought, abstract thought).
    • Post-formal thought.
    • Vygotsky's theory: scaffolding, zone of proximal development.
    • Metacognition: awareness of one's own thoughts.
  • Physical Development:
    • Physical milestones: head up (2 months), sit up (6 months), crawl (8 months), stand (12 months).
    • Cephalocaudal/proximodistal development.
    • Vision at birth (20/240), color vision (4 months), intermodal integration.
    • Gross motor skills (head up at 2 months), fine motor skills (pincer grasp at 8 months).
    • Menarche/semenarche.
  • Sex/Gender:
    • Frontal lobe growth, limbic system growth in adolescence.
    • Risk-taking behaviors, increased emotionality in adolescence.
  • Language:
    • Noam Chomsky's Language Acquisition Device (LAD).
    • Language development stages: crying, cooing, babbling, one-word stage, holophrase, telegraphic speech.
  • Attachment:
    • Attachment styles (secure, resistant-ambivalent, avoidant).
    • Separation anxiety/stranger anxiety.
    • Adult attachment styles and their impact on child attachment styles (secure, dismissing, preoccupied).
  • Morality:
    • Kohlberg's stages of moral development (preconventional, conventional, postconventional) and substages.
    • Gilligan's morality theory (care perspective, justice perspective).
    • Piaget's theory (premoral, heteronomous, autonomous).
    • Freud's theory (phallic stage, superego development, ego ideal, conscience).
    • Conduct disorder/juvenile delinquency.
  • Personality:
    • Big Five personality traits (OCEAN).
    • Erikson's 8 stages of psychosocial development (trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame/doubt, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, identity vs. role confusion, intimacy vs. isolation, generativity vs. stagnation, integrity vs. despair).
    • Freud's theory (id, ego, superego, oral fixation, anal fixation, anal retentive, phallic (Oedipal/Electra complex), latency, genital).
    • Marcia's identity statuses (diffusion, moratorium, foreclosure, identity achievement).
    • Temperament (easy, difficult, slow-to-warm).
  • Intelligence:
    • Ranges of intelligence (profound ID, severe ID, moderate ID, mild ID, below average, average, above average, gifted/genius).

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Human Life Span Development Final Exam Study Guide PDF

Description

Explore the complexities of human life span development in this quiz. Learn about prenatal stages, the nature/nurture debate, and various research methodologies used to study development. Understand key concepts such as ethical guidelines, experimental design, and cognitive theories.

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