Human Kidney Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the kidney?

  • To maintain the correct level of water and electrolytes in the blood (correct)
  • To regulate body temperature
  • To produce hormones and other essential biomolecules
  • To store food and nutrients

    • Where are the kidneys located in the human body?

  • In the abdominal cavity
  • Behind the liver and closer to the back (correct)
  • On either side of the heart
  • In the pelvic region

    • What is the outer part of the kidney called?

  • Renal cortex (correct)
  • Nephron
  • Kidney capsule
  • Renal medulla

    • What is the term for the functional units within the kidney?

    <p>Nephron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the middle part of the kidney called?

    <p>Renal medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many kidneys do most humans have?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another important function of the kidney besides excreting waste?

    <p>Maintaining blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prefix 'renal' related to?

    <p>Kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the functional unit of the kidney?

    <p>Nephron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the glomerulus in the nephron?

    <p>To filter waste and excess fluids from the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the direction of blood flow in the afferent arteriole?

    <p>Towards the center</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the space where the filtered fluid collects in the nephron?

    <p>Bowman's space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate number of nephrons in a typical kidney?

    <p>1 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of fluid that gets squeezed out as filtrate?

    <p>One-fifth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of blood is present in the afferent arteriole?

    <p>Oxygenated arterial blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the podocytes in the glomerulus?

    <p>To selectively filter out certain substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of molecules get filtered into the Bowman's capsule?

    <p>Micromolecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the structure where the filtrate is formed?

    <p>Bowman's capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the structure that surrounds the glomerulus?

    <p>Bowman's capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the fluid that is filtered out of the blood in the glomerulus?

    <p>It enters the Bowman's space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the proximal tubule?

    <p>To reabsorb useful substances back into the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the type of tube that the filtrate passes through after the Bowman's capsule?

    <p>Proximal tubule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the glomerulus able to filter out waste and excess fluids from the blood?

    <p>Because of its porous structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of reabsorbing substances back into the blood?

    <p>Reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of energy is used to pump out sodium in the proximal tubule?

    <p>Active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the cell type that lines the inside of the Bowman's capsule?

    <p>Podocyte cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the fluid that forms in the Bowman's capsule?

    <p>Filtrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the Bowman's capsule in the nephron?

    <p>Beginning of the nephron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the proximal tubule?

    <p>To reabsorb essential nutrients and ions back into the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the capillary system located near the proximal tubule?

    <p>To reabsorb water and ions back into the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for reabsorbing sodium and glucose in the proximal tubule?

    <p>To prevent excessive water loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the loop of Henle in the nephron?

    <p>To make the renal medulla salty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the ascending part of the loop of Henle pump out salts?

    <p>To make the renal medulla hypertonic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to water as it flows down the descending part of the loop of Henle?

    <p>It leaves the membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can't biological systems use ATP to actively pump out water?

    <p>Because proteins can't operate on water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the loop of Henle making the renal medulla salty?

    <p>Water is reabsorbed back into the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the loop of Henle in water reabsorption?

    <p>It helps in reabsorbing water back into the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the loop of Henle in the nephron?

    <p>At the border of the cortex and medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the loop of Henle?

    <p>To reabsorb water and essential nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the filtrate in the distal convoluted tubule?

    <p>More water is reabsorbed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the collecting duct?

    <p>To collect waste products from multiple nephrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the collecting duct passes through the medulla?

    <p>More water leaves the filtrate due to the salty environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone regulates the permeability of the collecting duct?

    <p>Anti-diuretic hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final product of the nephron?

    <p>Urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of reabsorbing essential nutrients back into the bloodstream?

    <p>Reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the filtrate become more concentrated in the collecting duct?

    <p>More water is reabsorbed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the part of the nephron where the filtrate first enters?

    <p>Bowman's capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the distal convoluted tubule's proximity to the Bowman's capsule?

    <p>It allows for more efficient reabsorption of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Kidney Overview

    • The kidney is an organ that helps excrete waste, maintain water levels, and regulate electrolytes and blood pressure.
    • It also produces hormones and maintains overall bodily functions.
    • Each person has two kidneys, located near the spine, behind the liver.

    Kidney Structure

    • The kidney has two main parts: the renal cortex (outer layer) and the renal medulla (middle layer).
    • The renal cortex is the outer layer, and the renal medulla is the middle layer.

    Nephron Function

    • The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron.
    • Each kidney has approximately one million nephrons.
    • The nephron filters blood and regulates water levels in the body.

    Blood Flow in the Nephron

    • Blood enters the nephron through an afferent arteriole.
    • It then flows into the glomerulus, a porous structure that filters fluid and small molecules from the blood.
    • The filtered fluid, called filtrate, enters the Bowman's space.
    • The remaining blood leaves the glomerulus through an efferent arteriole.

    Filtrate Formation

    • The filtrate is formed when fluid and small molecules are filtered out of the blood in the glomerulus.
    • This process is aided by podocytes, specialized cells that line the Bowman's capsule.
    • The filtrate contains small ions, glucose, and amino acids.

    Proximal Tubule

    • The filtrate enters the proximal tubule, a winding tube that reabsorbs necessary substances back into the blood.
    • The proximal tubule has a convoluted part and a straight part.
    • Cells lining the proximal tubule actively reabsorb substances like glucose, sodium, and amino acids using ATP.

    Loop of Henle

    • The filtrate then enters the loop of Henle, a U-shaped tube that dips into the renal medulla.
    • The loop of Henle is responsible for reabsorbing water and making the medulla salty.
    • The ascending part of the loop of Henle actively pumps out salts, making the medulla hypertonic.
    • The descending part of the loop of Henle is permeable only to water, which leaves the filtrate due to osmosis.

    Distal Convoluted Tubule

    • The filtrate then enters the distal convoluted tubule, where more reabsorption occurs.
    • Calcium and sodium are reabsorbed, and more water is removed from the filtrate.

    Collecting Duct

    • The processed filtrate enters the collecting duct, where it becomes concentrated urine.
    • The collecting duct passes through the renal medulla again, where anti-diuretic hormone can control water reabsorption, making the urine even more concentrated.
    • The urine then leaves the kidney and enters the ureters, eventually reaching the urinary bladder.

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    Description

    Learn about the functions, structure, and components of the human kidney, including its role in excretion, electrolyte regulation, and hormone production.

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