Human Immunology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of B cells in the immune system?

Suppress immune responses

Produce humoral immunity (correct)

Activate macrophages

Directly kill infected cells

Where do stem cells develop into T cells?

Lymph nodes

Spleen

Thymus gland (correct)

Bone marrow

What type of immunity do cytotoxic T cells primarily provide?

Adaptive immunity

Humoral immunity

Passive immunity

Cell-mediated immunity (correct)

What role do Helper T cells play in the immune response?

Attract and activate macrophages Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when a T cell's surface proteins bind to an antigen?

It becomes an activated T cell Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of lymph in the lymphatic system?

To carry protein molecules and other substances back to the blood Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a primary lymphatic structure?

Lymph nodes Signup and view all the answers

What aspect differentiates active immunity from passive immunity?

Active immunity involves the production of antibodies, while passive immunity does not. Signup and view all the answers

Which lymphatic vessel drains lymph from the right upper extremity?

Right lymphatic duct Signup and view all the answers

What structural feature of lymphatic capillaries allows for one-way movement of lymph?

Porous walls formed by poor fit between adjacent cells Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunity is formed as a result of exposure to a pathogen?

Natural immunity Signup and view all the answers

B and T cells are crucial for which type of immunity?

Cell-mediated immunity Signup and view all the answers

What is the largest lymphatic vessel in the body?

Thoracic duct Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of lymph nodes in the lymphatic system?

Biological filtration and immune response Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the thymus?

It secretes hormones that influence T-cell development. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding lymphatic vessels?

Lymph flows through lymphatic vessels only in one direction. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the thymus tissue during adulthood?

It undergoes a process called involution. Signup and view all the answers

Where are tonsils located?

Around the openings of the mouth and throat Signup and view all the answers

Which lymphoid organ is responsible for producing T lymphocytes?

Thymus Signup and view all the answers

What type of tissue primarily composes the thymus?

Lymphoid tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the lymphatic drainage of the breast is accurate?

It has an extensive network of lymphatic drainage. Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunity is achieved through vaccination?

Artificial active immunity Signup and view all the answers

What role do antibodies play in the immune system?

They neutralize toxins and form antigen-antibody complexes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of complement proteins in the immune response?

They activate other immune cells and enhance the inflammatory response Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when complement proteins are activated?

Complement cascade Signup and view all the answers

In which immunity does protective material developed in another individual’s immune system provide immediate protection?

Artificial passive immunity Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the immunity that arises from both the use of vaccines and the body’s subsequent immune response?

Artificial immunity Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of phagocytes in the immune system?

To ingest and destroy foreign cells Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a function of antibodies?

Aiding in clot formation Signup and view all the answers

In which location does the development of immature B cells primarily occur in adults?

Bone marrow Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the activation of B cells?

Contact with antigens and cytokine signals Signup and view all the answers

How do cytokines contribute to the immune response?

By acting as signaling molecules to coordinate immune responses Signup and view all the answers

What are memory cells primarily responsible for?

Storing information for future immune responses Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immune cell is primarily responsible for presenting antigens?

Dendritic cells Signup and view all the answers

Which cells divide to form plasma cells and memory cells upon activation?

Activated B cells Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of neutrophils?

Short-lived phagocytic cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of plasma cells in the immune response?

To secrete antibodies into the blood Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the spleen?

Phagocytosis of bacteria and old RBCs Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of the spleen in the human body?

Upper left quadrant of abdomen lateral to the stomach Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunity is described as not requiring prior exposure to an antigen?

Nonspecific immunity Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cytokines during the inflammatory response?

To enhance local blood flow and attract immune cells Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes specific immunity?

It can recognize and remember harmful substances. Signup and view all the answers

What type of immunity is achieved through exposure to a disease?

Natural active immunity Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is often injured due to abdominal trauma?

Spleen Signup and view all the answers

How much blood can the spleen act as a reservoir for?

500 mL Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Lymphatic System and Immunity

The lymphatic system's role is to carry protein molecules and other substances back to the blood.
Lymphatic capillaries are tiny, blind-ended tubes found in tissue spaces.
Lymph only flows in one direction through lymphatic capillaries; these capillaries are microscopic in size, composed of a single layer of simple squamous epithelium, and have porous walls between the adjacent cells.
The right lymphatic duct drains lymph from the right upper extremity, right side of head, neck, and upper torso.
The thoracic duct, the largest lymphatic vessel, drains lymph from about three-fourths of the body. It has an enlarged pouch along its course, called the cisterna chyli.
Lymph nodes are located in clusters along lymphatic vessels and filter lymph.
Lymph nodes are sites of biological filtration; lymph flows through lymph nodes via multiple afferent lymphatic vessels before being drained by a single efferent lymph vessel.
The breast has an extensive lymphatic drainage network.
The thymus is a small lymphoid tissue organ situated within the mediastinum. It weighs about 35-40 grams.
The thymus plays a crucial role in immunity. It produces T lymphocytes (T cells) and secretes thymosins, hormones that guide T cell development.
During adulthood, thymus tissue is gradually replaced by fatty and connective tissues, a process known as involution.
The tonsils are lymphoid tissues found around the openings of the mouth and throat. They comprise three masses: palatine tonsils, pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids), and lingual tonsils.
The tonsils are susceptible to chronic infections; swollen pharyngeal tonsils may impede breathing.
The spleen is the body's largest lymphoid organ. It is located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen, adjacent to the stomach.
The spleen plays an important role in removing bacteria and old red blood cells (RBCs) through phagocytosis.
The spleen also serves as a reservoir for blood (approx 500 mL).
A damaged spleen may require removal, a procedure called a splenectomy.

Immune System

The immune system protects the body from pathogenic bacteria, foreign tissue cells, and cancerous cells.
Nonspecific immunity, also known as innate immunity, is an initial defense mechanism often triggered in response to antigens, and does not require prior exposure.
Inflammatory response is part of the nonspecific immunity and involves the release of cytokines. This attracts immune cells to the injury site and raises local blood flow and vascular permeability.
Specific immunity, or adaptive immunity, involves the body's ability to recognize, respond to, and remember harmful substances like bacteria. It may require prior exposure.
Active immunity can be acquired through exposure to active disease, or through vaccines.
Passive immunity can be acquired via pregnancy (mother to fetus) or through breastfeeding (mother to child).

Immune System Molecules

Cytokines are chemicals released by cells that guide innate immunity.
Antibodies are protein compounds with specific binding sites that attach to antigens (foreign substances).
Antibodies combine with antigens, forming antigen-antibody complexes, which are part of humoral immunity or antibody-mediated immunity.
Antigen-antibody complexes neutralize toxins, clump enemy cells, promote phagocytosis, and activate complement proteins.

Immune System Cells

Phagocytes ingest and destroy foreign cells through phagocytosis.
Neutrophils are short-lived phagocytic cells.
Monocytes mature into macrophages that migrate to tissues.
Dendritic cells are often found at external surfaces to act as antigen-presenting cells.
Macrophages and dendritic cells are antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and display ingested antigens on their surfaces to activate specific immune cells.
Lymphocytes are the most abundant immune cells, and their development includes both B cells and T cells.

B-Cell development

B cells mature initially in the liver and bone marrow.
B cells develop in two major stages: immature and mature
Mature B cells migrate to lymph nodes, liver, and spleen.
Upon exposure to antigens, B cells become activated B cells. These cells divide to form clones of cells resulting in both plasma cells and memory cells.
Plasma cells produce antibodies that circulate through the blood and produce humoral immunity.

T-Cell development

T cells develop in the thymus gland before and after birth.
T cell maturation occurs in two stages: immature and mature cells.
Mature T cells migrate chiefly to lymph nodes.
Upon exposure to antigens, matured T cells become activated T cells. These differentiate into cytotoxic and helper T-cells.
Cytotoxic T cells kill infected or tumor cells by releasing a poison. Helper T cells release molecules to attract or activate macrophages, and encourage B cell-mediated immunity to produce antibodies.
Regulatory T cells suppress immune responses.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the immune system, focusing on B cells, T cells, and lymphatic structures. This quiz covers the primary functions of these cells and their roles in immunity, as well as key features of the lymphatic system. Ideal for students studying human biology or immunology.