Human Gut Microbes and Nutrition Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is one of the primary roles of gut microbes in human nutrition?

  • They synthesize vitamins that humans cannot access.
  • They produce enzymes that digest food.
  • They break down pathogens in the digestive system.
  • They help obtain energy from food. (correct)

Which type of microorganisms is primarily found in the human gut?

  • Bacteriophages
  • Yeasts
  • Fungi
  • Bacteria (correct)

Which two phyla dominate the bacterial population in the human gut?

  • Actinobacteria and Cyanobacteria
  • Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes (correct)
  • Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes
  • Fusobacteria and Actinobacteria

What potential health issue can arise from an overgrowth of gut bacteria?

<p>Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which individuals can Candida species potentially become pathogenic?

<p>Immunocompromised individuals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the microbiota in human health?

<p>Activation of immune response (B), Production of vitamins and nutrient absorption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is NOT directly associated with disturbances in the microbiota?

<p>Cancer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the collective genomes of the microorganisms residing in and on the human body?

<p>Microbiome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key consequence of disrupting the normal balance of microbiota?

<p>Potential disease development (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which body location is most populated by the human microbiota?

<p>Gastrointestinal tract (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of microorganism is often found in varying populations in different body sites?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a supposed effect of the microbiota on human health?

<p>Increasing infectious disease risk (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do opportunistic pathogens play in relation to the microbiota?

<p>Occasionally harmful when balance is disrupted (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary roles of gut microbes in digestion?

<p>They break down complex molecules. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the gut microbiome influence adaptive immunity?

<p>It helps the body develop an adaptive immune system from birth. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the link between gut microbiota and behavior?

<p>They can influence brain function by triggering responses in the nervous system. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which health conditions have been associated with the microbiome?

<p>Autoimmune diseases, allergies, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What dietary modifications are being investigated to maintain a healthy gut microbiome?

<p>Prebiotics and probiotics. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the diversity of the microbiome greater in adolescents compared to adults?

<p>Adolescents have more varied diets. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about plant cellulose is accurate?

<p>It requires gut microbes for digestion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact can gastrointestinal diseases have on the microbiome?

<p>They can disrupt microbial balance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does dysbiosis of the microbiota lead to infectious diseases?

<p>By disrupting microbial balance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been shown to influence gut microbiota in relation to gastrointestinal diseases?

<p>Dietary modification (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which connection exists between the gut microbiota and metabolic syndrome?

<p>Gut microbes impact energy balance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way do gut microbes influence brain development?

<p>Through modifying energy balance alongside genetic factors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What serious consequence can arise from the implications of microbiota in the progression of diseases?

<p>Resistance to treatment for chronic diseases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of human cancers are implicated with microorganisms?

<p>20% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substance produced by the intestinal microbiota can influence liver function?

<p>Ethanol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible complication of liver cirrhosis related to gut microbiota?

<p>Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the innate microbiota help protect against harmful bacteria?

<p>Competing for nutrients (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential consequence of antibiotic disturbance of the microbiota?

<p>Infections and antibiotic resistance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the ways the microbiota influences colon cancer development?

<p>By altering the balance of tumor cell proliferation and death (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might a compromised microbiota increase cancer risk?

<p>By making the body more prone to inflammation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does Helicobacter pylori play in relation to colon cancer?

<p>It is involved in chronic inflammation that may elevate gastric cancer risk. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor can specific microbes in tumors respond to?

<p>Differences in oxygen tension (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a way that bacteria may influence carcinogenesis?

<p>Changing the stomach's acid levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of probiotics, such as Bifidobacterium lactis, when administered to children?

<p>Reduced risk of nonspecific gastrointestinal infections (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bacteria predominantly make up the fecal microbiota in breastfed infants?

<p><em>Bifidobacteria</em> such as <em>B. longum</em> (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the gut microbiota of formula-fed infants differ from that of breastfed infants?

<p>They contain more facultative anaerobes and delayed colonization by <em>bifidobacteria</em>. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to gut microbiota diversity after the introduction of solid food around six months of age?

<p>It becomes more diverse. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bacteria is NOT typically found in high levels in breast milk?

<p><em>Clostridium</em> (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Lactobacillus rhamnosus affect children's growth during the first few years of life?

<p>Inhibits excessive weight gain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of antibiotic treatment during the first two years of life?

<p>Disruption of gut microbiome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phylum includes both Lactobacilli and Streptococci?

<p>Firmicutes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one benefit of Bifidobacterium breve for very low birth weight infants?

<p>Improved weight gain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about gut microbiota is correct?

<p>The number of microbiota exceeds the host's own cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bacteria predominantly colonizes the gut of breastfed infants in early life?

<p><em>Bifidobacteria</em> (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which delivery method typically results in an infant's gut microbiome resembling that of the vaginal microbial community?

<p>Vaginal delivery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT affect early life gut microbiota?

<p>Age of the infant (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of gut microbiota in formula-fed infants?

<p>Resemblance to hospital environments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What bacterial species is often found in the early gut microbiota of preterm infants?

<p>Escherichia coli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can influence the formation of gut microbiota in early life?

<p>Cesarean delivery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is likely to impact the composition of gut microbiota in infants after 6 months of age?

<p>Introduction of solid foods (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of probiotic is believed to have a nonspecific gastrointestinal impact in infants?

<p><em>Bifidobacterium lactis</em> (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Gut Microbiota Role

Gut microbes extract energy from food and make nutrients available to the body.

Microbial Diversity

Different types (species) of microorganisms in the body (e.g., gut, mouth) vary significantly in quantity and type.

Gut Bacteria Dominance

Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes are the most abundant types of bacteria in the human gut.

Pathogenic Microbes

Microorganisms that can cause diseases when their populations grow too large or through other mechanisms.

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Microbiome & Disease

An imbalance in the microbiome can contribute to various diseases (e.g., liver diseases and infections).

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Human Microbiome

The collective genomes of microorganisms residing on and in the human body.

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Human Microbiota

The actual microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi) living on and in the human body.

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Gut Microbiota

Microorganisms residing in the gastrointestinal tract.

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Microbe's Role in Health

Microorganisms aid in nutrition, immunity, and brain function.

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Microbial Imbalance

Disruption of the normal relationship between the body and its microbiome, potentially leading to disease.

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Opportunistic Pathogen

A microbe that can potentially cause disease when the body's environment is altered or the microbial balance disrupted.

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Microbial Diseases

Diseases resulting from disruptions in the normal balance of microorganisms.

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Microbiota diversity

The variety of different species of bacteria, fungi, or viruses residing on or in us.

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Microbiome role in digestion

Gut microbes break down complex food molecules, making plant cellulose digestible.

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Microbiome role in immunity

Essential for developing adaptive immunity, the body's learned ability to fight infections.

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Microbiome and behavior

Gut microbes affect brain function possibly through molecules that affect nerves.

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Microbiome and health conditions

Linked to conditions like autoimmune diseases, allergies, obesity, and type 2 diabetes.

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Impact of diet on microbiome

Dietary changes can affect the diversity of microbes in the gut.

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Microbiome and infectious diseases

Gastrointestinal diseases like IBD & Hepatitis B impact the microbial balance in the gut.

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Dietary modifications

Strategies like prebiotics and probiotics are researched to maintain a healthy gut microbiome.

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Microbiome diversity

The variety of microbes in the gut microbiome are related to diet; adolescents have more diverse microbiomes than adults.

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Microbiota & Infectious Diseases

The human gut's microbial community plays a role in infectious diseases, impacting their progression and treatment outcomes.

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Microbiota & Gut Diseases

Imbalance in gut microbes is linked to inflammatory bowel diseases, obesity, and type 2 diabetes.

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Microbiota & Metabolic Syndrome

The types of gut bacteria affect energy balance and contribute to metabolic syndrome.

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Microbiota & Brain Development

The gut microbiota interacts with genetics to influence energy balance and brain development.

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Microbiota & Dietary Changes

Prebiotics and probiotics can influence the gut microbiota and thereby impact health.

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Microbiota's Role in Cancer

Microorganisms are involved in about 20% of human cancers, particularly in the small intestine and colon, despite cancer being primarily driven by host factors.

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Microbiota's Role in Liver Diseases

Gut microbes affect liver function through substances like ethanol, ammonia, and acetaldehyde. Changes in gut microbes contribute to liver damage progression.

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Innate Microbiota Function

The 'good' bacteria help prevent the growth of harmful bacteria and produce anti-inflammatory compounds.

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Antibiotics and Microbiota

Antibiotics can disrupt the balance of gut microbes, potentially causing infections and antibiotic resistance.

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Microbiota's role in liver cirrhosis complications

Changes to gut bacteria are linked to complications arising from liver cirrhosis such as infections, bacterial peritonitis, hepatic encephalopathy, and kidney failure.

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Microbiota's role in colon cancer

The bacteria in the colon can influence tumor growth, immune responses, and metabolism, possibly increasing colon cancer risk.

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Tumor microbiome presence

Tumors commonly have microbes, particularly in skin, digestive, and urinary tracts, influenced by factors like oxygen.

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Host resilience & malignancy

A weakened host or gut bacteria can make the body more prone to cancer, potentially triggering inflammation.

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Microbe influence on cell proliferation

Microbes can promote tumor cell growth depending on factors like oxygen and nutrients.

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Helicobacter pylori and cancer risk

Chronic inflammation caused by Helicobacter pylori in the stomach can increase gastric cancer risk.

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Breastfeeding's impact

Breast milk significantly shapes the infant gut microbiota, mainly populated by Bifidobacteria.

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Formula-fed infant gut

Formula-fed infants have a different gut microbiome, dominated by facultative anaerobes like Bacteroides and Clostridium.

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Bifidobacteria in infants

Breastfed infants have a high proportion of bifidobacteria, like B. longum, impacting gut health.

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Post-6 months gut

After six months, the gut microbiota becomes more diverse, with increases in Bacteroides, Clostridium, and other anaerobes.

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Probiotics and Children

Probiotics, like B. lactis, might reduce gastrointestinal infections in children, including infants beyond early infancy.

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Probiotics' Effect on Weight Gain

Certain probiotics, like Lactobacillus rhamnosus, can influence children's weight in early life by promoting healthy growth and reducing excessive weight gain.

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Antibiotics' Impact on Gut Microbiome

Antibiotic use during infancy disrupts the balance of "good" and "bad" bacteria in the gut, potentially increasing risk of obesity later on.

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Dominant Gut Bacteria Phyla

The prevalent bacterial groups in the human gut are Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria.

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Gut Microbiota Composition

A complex community of microorganisms, including both beneficial and harmful ones, plays a major role in the gut.

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Early Life Antibiotic Exposure Risk

Exposure to antibiotics in the first two years of life is correlated with a heightened potential for obesity and related metabolic problems later in life.

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Infant gut microbiota changes

The infant's gut microbiome significantly shifts in its composition within the first months of life, starting with bacteria present at birth, increasing to high densities, and evolving based on factors like feeding and delivery method.

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Breast milk vs. Formula

Breast milk promotes Bifidobacteria growth in the infant gut, while formula feeding may favor the growth of bacteria more common in hospital environments.

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Early gut microbiota composition

Dominated by Escherichia, Clostridium, Bacteroides, and Bifidobacterium.

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Cesarean vs. vaginal delivery

Vaginal delivery infants' microbiomes resemble the vaginal microbiome, while Cesarean infants have microbiomes more similar to the skin microbiome.

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Preterm infant gut microbiota

Premature infants may have gut microbiomes that closely resemble hospital environments, containing bacteria found on surfaces and feeding equipment.

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Impact of feeding methods

Breast milk feeding favors Bifidobacteria, while formula feeding may introduce more hospital bacteria and cause alterations in gut microbiome composition.

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Probiotic impact

Probiotics like B. lactis are thought to affect the gut microbiome in a non-specific way.

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Environmental factors impacting microbiota

Antibiotics, environment, delivery mode, geographic location, feeding method, and maternal factors can all influence the gut microbiota's composition in early life.

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