Human Growth and Development Nutrition

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of the thermic effect of food?

To regulate body temperature

To provide energy for physical activity

To digest, metabolize, and store nutrients (correct)

To support lactation and pregnancy

What percentage of the energy value of food is approximately spent on the thermic effect of food?

20%

10% (correct)

15%

Which macronutrient has the highest thermic effect?

Fat

Fiber

Protein (correct)

Carbohydrate

What is Nonexercise Activity Thermogenesis (NEAT)?

Energy expenditure from any activity that involves muscle contraction Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that influences energy expenditure from physical activity?

Intensity Signup and view all the answers

What is Physical Activity Level (PAL)?

Energy expended from physical activity expressed as a percentage of BEE Signup and view all the answers

How is energy intake and expenditure typically measured in a laboratory research setting?

Using a bomb calorimeter Signup and view all the answers

What is the categorization of Physical Activity Level (PAL) according to the Institute of Medicine (IOM)?

Sedentary, low active, active, very active Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of indirect calorimetry in measuring energy expenditure?

To analyze respiratory gases especially in critical care settings Signup and view all the answers

What happens when energy intake exceeds energy expenditure?

Positive energy balance occurs Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of insufficient energy available to support the needs of the body?

Weight loss occurs Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between energy intake and expenditure in healthy adults?

Energy intake and expenditure are approximately equal Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of predictive equations in measuring energy expenditure?

To estimate energy expenditure when indirect calorimetry is not available Signup and view all the answers

What is the complexity of energy balance in reality?

More complex than a simple equation that compares intake and expenditure Signup and view all the answers

What is the Physical Activity (PA) level for individuals who are very active?

1.56 Signup and view all the answers

How many hours of television watching and video viewing per day is recommended for children?

2 hours or less Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended daily physical activity for adults to prevent weight gain?

At least 30 minutes of moderate activity Signup and view all the answers

What is a positive indicator that a child's energy needs are being met?

Normal growth rate Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of insufficient energy intake in children?

Slowed growth rate Signup and view all the answers

What is a wellness concern related to energy balance?

Effects of both negative and positive energy balance Signup and view all the answers

When is nutrition intervention indicated in relation to energy balance?

When weight gain increases the risk for other diseases Signup and view all the answers

What is assessed to determine the reason for energy imbalance?

Both medical reasons and energy intake and expenditure Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the estimated energy requirements (EER) described by the Institute of Medicine (IOM)?

To meet the energy needs for important body functions, growth, and development Signup and view all the answers

What is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) based on lifestyle?

Physical activity levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the physical activity level (PA) for sedentary individuals?

1.0 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following lifestyles involves moderate physical activity?

Active Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a factor that influences energy balance directly or indirectly?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the estimated energy requirements (EER)?

To meet the energy needs for population groups as a whole Signup and view all the answers

What is the physical activity level (PA) for very active individuals?

1.56 Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a factor that influences energy balance indirectly?

Hormone regulation Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of fever on the body's energy expenditure?

It increases energy expenditure Signup and view all the answers

What is the clinical nutrition practice for calculating energy expenditure in patients with fever?

Increase energy expenditure calculation by 7% for each 1-degree F Signup and view all the answers

Why is nutrition intervention important for surgical clients?

To ensure adequate nutrition and micronutrient intake during rehabilitation Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of the 'You Make the Change Campaign' initiative?

Unknown, as it is not mentioned in the content Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of increased energy expenditure during physiologic stress?

Increased requirements for protein, calories, and micronutrients Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of increasing energy expenditure calculation in critically ill patients?

To ensure adequate nutrition and energy provision Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Growth and Development

Increased energy expenditure during infancy, childhood, adolescence, pregnancy, and lactation

Thermic Effect of Food

Energy required for digestion, metabolism, and storage of nutrients
Occurs within a few hours of a meal
Approximately 10% of the energy value of food
Protein has the highest thermic effect at 20-30%, fat at 5%, and carbohydrates at 5-10%

Physical Activity

Energy required to perform physical work of any kind
Includes non-exercise activities (NEAT) such as talking, sitting, and fidgeting
Factors influencing energy expenditure:
- Intensity: how strenuous the activity is, related to O2 consumption
- Duration: the longer the duration, the higher the energy expenditure
Physical activity level (PAL): energy expended from physical activity expressed as a percentage of BEE
Categorized as sedentary, moderate, or vigorous activity

Measuring Energy Intake and Expenditure

Measured in a laboratory research setting using a bomb calorimeter
Practical methods include simple calculations and indirect calorimetry
Scientific databases contain analysis of nutritional content of foods
Predictive equations estimate energy expenditure when indirect calorimetry is not available

Energy Balance

Balance occurs when energy intake approximates energy expenditure
For most healthy adults, energy balance fosters weight maintenance
Negative energy balance: insufficient energy available, leading to weight loss
Positive energy balance: energy intake exceeds energy expenditure, leading to weight gain

Factors Influencing Energy Balance

Biology-genetics and hormones
Food types-food behavior, liquid forms of intake, protein-containing foods

Recommendations for Energy Intake and Expenditure

Institute of Medicine (IOM) describes estimated energy requirements (EER) for adults and children
EER considers important body functions, growth and development, physical activity, and good health
Physical activity (PA) levels for different lifestyles defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as:
- Sedentary: little to no exercise or physical activity beyond daily living
- Low active: light physical activity such as walking or standing for at least 2 hours per day
- Active: moderate physical activity such as brisk walking, cycling, or gardening for at least 30 minutes per day
- Very active: high levels of physical activity such as running, swimming, or engaging in sports for at least 60 minutes per day

Physical Activity Recommendations

Children: at least 60 minutes of moderate physical activity on most days, minimizing sedentary behavior
Adults: at least 30 minutes of moderate activity on most days, with some requiring up to 60 minutes to prevent weight gain

Energy Balance in Children

Normal growth and development indicates that energy needs are being met
Insufficient energy intake leads to slowed growth rate (growth faltering)

Wellness Concerns

Positive energy balance can lead to weight gain, increasing the risk of diseases such as DM or hypertension
Assess reason for energy imbalance, including medical reasons and energy intake and expenditure

Energy Balance in Critical Illness

Nutrition intervention is essential for critically ill patients with altered metabolic needs
Requirements for protein, calories, and micronutrients are increased during physiologic stress and may continue during rehabilitation

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Description

This quiz covers the nutritional aspects of human growth and development, including infancy, childhood, and adolescence. It also touches on the thermic effect of food and energy expenditure.