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Questions and Answers
What are the two basic parts to human geography?
Space and Place
What does 'geo' in geography literally mean?
Which of the following is NOT a type of map mentioned?
What term describes the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole?
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Cartography only refers to the art of making political maps.
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What is GIS an acronym for?
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Which one of the following projections is mentioned?
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What does Tobler's first law of Geography state?
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Tobler's First Law of Geography states that everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than __________.
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What is a cognitive location?
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What is meant by 'Distance Decay'?
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What is a toponym?
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Study Notes
Space and Place
- Human geography is about space and place.
- Space is the physical location, gap, or interval between objects.
- Place is space with meaning.
- Geography means "earth writing".
Scale
- The relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole.
- Personal, local, regional, national, international, and global scales.
Maps
- Two-dimensional, flat scale model of Earth’s surface.
- Maps are reference and communication tools.
- Cartography is the study and practice of map making.
Mapping
- Meridians are lines of longitude.
- Parallels are lines of latitude.
Great Circles and Flight Routes
- A great circle is a circle on the surface of a sphere, whose center coincides with the sphere's center.
- Great circles form the shortest distance between two points.
- Airplanes fly in great circles.
Mapping and Time
- Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) or Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) is the standard time zone.
- All world time zones are relative to Greenwich Mean Time.
Map Projection
- A map projection is a systematic transformation of the Earth's spherical surface onto a flat surface.
- All map projections have distortions that affect the accuracy of size, shape, distance, and direction.
Other Projections
- Goode Homolosine Projection is a map projection that preserves area.
- Gall-Peters Projection is a map projection that preserves area.
- Winkel Projection is a map projection that preserves area and shape.
Types of Maps
- World Map by Ptolemy (written ~150 C.E.).
- Neighborhood Cognitive Map.
- Geologic Map.
- Topographic Map.
- World Atlas.
- Political Map.
- Physical Map.
- Thematic Map.
- Cadaster Map.
- Simplified Map.
Cartography
- Cartography is the study and practice of map making.
- Maps are sometimes used as propaganda tools.
- Google Maps are an example of maps used for navigation and information.
GIScience and GIS
- Geographic Information Science uses geographic data in the context of spatial analysis and problem-solving.
- Geographic Information Systems (GIS) manage and analyze geographic data.
Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing
- Photogrammetry is the process of extracting reliable measurements from photographs or images.
- Remote sensing observes Earth from a distance by using sensors on airplanes or satellites.
- The data collected through remote sensing can be combined with GIS systems.
Spatial Analysis
- Location is where something is.
- Distance is the space between things.
- Regions are combinations of locations that share common attributes.
- Interaction concerns how phenomena work together.
Location
- Nominal Location uses place names.
- Absolute Location uses fixed geometric coordinates.
- Relative Location uses a site and situation description.
- Cognitive Location is an experiential description of an actual place, with meaning and emotion.
Location - Place Names (Toponyms)
- Some place names are controversial as they can reveal underlying biases and history.
- Place names can have different names depending on the language.
- Place names can change over time to reflect cultural shifts or political changes.
Distance
- Absolute Distance is the exact distance between two points.
- Relative Distance is interpreted based on the context of travel time, cost, or other factors.
- Cognitive Distance is based on personal experiences and perceptions.
Tobler’s First Law of Geography
- Tobler's First Law of Geography states that "Everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things."
- Friction of Distance describes the inhibiting effect of distance on interaction.
- Distance Decay is the decline of interaction with distance.
- Time-Space Compression describes the shrinking of the world due to advances in communication and transportation technology.
Regions
- A combination of locations based on shared attributes, but not always with fixed boundaries.
- Regions can be at various scales.
Interactions
- Patterns and outliers emerge when different phenomena work in conjunction.
- Accessibility is one key factor in interaction between places and people.
- Networks connect people, places, and information.
Geography In Action
- Native Land Digital is a not-for-profit organization that aims to create awareness of Indigenous peoples and their lands.
- Native Land Digital provides maps of Indigenous territories and supports a better future for all.
Case Study: Analyzing watermain breaks in the Region of Peel, Ontario
- The Region of Peel has a growing population and a large aging infrastructure.
- The Region of Peel is in Ontario, Canada.
- Watermain breaks are costly and difficult to manage.
- Geographic information systems can help analyze data about watermain breaks and identify trends.
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Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of human geography, mapping, and the scales that define spatial relationships. This quiz covers the significance of space and place, the principles of cartography, and the importance of great circles in geography and flight routes. Test your knowledge on how maps represent Earth's surface and influence our understanding of distance and time.
