Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a single base change in DNA called?
What is a single base change in DNA called?
How much of your DNA do you share with other humans?
How much of your DNA do you share with other humans?
Which of the following describes short tandem repeat polymorphisms (STR)?
Which of the following describes short tandem repeat polymorphisms (STR)?
What percentage of DNA do humans share with chimpanzees?
What percentage of DNA do humans share with chimpanzees?
Signup and view all the answers
What structure within cells contains the majority of human genes?
What structure within cells contains the majority of human genes?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of variations are commonly found in intron sequences among humans?
What type of variations are commonly found in intron sequences among humans?
Signup and view all the answers
How many chromosomes do humans typically have?
How many chromosomes do humans typically have?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the total number of base pairs in the human genome?
What is the total number of base pairs in the human genome?
Signup and view all the answers
What are gene regulators responsible for?
What are gene regulators responsible for?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a common characteristic of most single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)?
What is a common characteristic of most single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)?
Signup and view all the answers
What percentage of the human genome is made up of exons that encode proteins?
What percentage of the human genome is made up of exons that encode proteins?
Signup and view all the answers
What are polymorphisms primarily associated with?
What are polymorphisms primarily associated with?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of introns?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of introns?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main risk associated with mutations occurring in exons?
What is the main risk associated with mutations occurring in exons?
Signup and view all the answers
How do mutations in introns affect an individual?
How do mutations in introns affect an individual?
Signup and view all the answers
What was the early perception of noncoding DNA often referred to as?
What was the early perception of noncoding DNA often referred to as?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main reason mutations in exons are less likely to be passed on compared to those in introns?
What is the main reason mutations in exons are less likely to be passed on compared to those in introns?
Signup and view all the answers
Which genetic diseases are primarily caused by mutations in exons?
Which genetic diseases are primarily caused by mutations in exons?
Signup and view all the answers
Which factor contributes to the uniqueness of individuals in the population?
Which factor contributes to the uniqueness of individuals in the population?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of introns in the gene structure?
What is the role of introns in the gene structure?
Signup and view all the answers
The portion of Eukaryotic DNA that encodes proteins comprises about 50% of the genome.
The portion of Eukaryotic DNA that encodes proteins comprises about 50% of the genome.
Signup and view all the answers
Introns are responsible for the majority of known genetic diseases due to mutations.
Introns are responsible for the majority of known genetic diseases due to mutations.
Signup and view all the answers
Polymorphisms are variations found in non-coding DNA that can act as genetic fingerprints.
Polymorphisms are variations found in non-coding DNA that can act as genetic fingerprints.
Signup and view all the answers
Mutations in introns have a higher likelihood of being passed down through generations than mutations in exons.
Mutations in introns have a higher likelihood of being passed down through generations than mutations in exons.
Signup and view all the answers
Scientists originally viewed noncoding DNA as having significant functional roles within the cell.
Scientists originally viewed noncoding DNA as having significant functional roles within the cell.
Signup and view all the answers
Random mutations are more likely to occur in exons since they are crucial for protein function.
Random mutations are more likely to occur in exons since they are crucial for protein function.
Signup and view all the answers
Mutations occurring in an exon can lead to serious health issues in an individual.
Mutations occurring in an exon can lead to serious health issues in an individual.
Signup and view all the answers
Introns are considered filler DNA that may contribute to the structural integrity of chromosomes.
Introns are considered filler DNA that may contribute to the structural integrity of chromosomes.
Signup and view all the answers
The differences passed down through generations due to random mutations in exons often lead to genetic variation between individuals.
The differences passed down through generations due to random mutations in exons often lead to genetic variation between individuals.
Signup and view all the answers
The majority of human genetic variation arises from mutations in coding regions of DNA.
The majority of human genetic variation arises from mutations in coding regions of DNA.
Signup and view all the answers
Polymorphisms specifically refer to variations in the exon sequences of DNA.
Polymorphisms specifically refer to variations in the exon sequences of DNA.
Signup and view all the answers
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most common type of genetic variation.
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most common type of genetic variation.
Signup and view all the answers
Humans typically possess 23 pairs of chromosomes.
Humans typically possess 23 pairs of chromosomes.
Signup and view all the answers
The human genome consists of approximately 3 million base pairs.
The human genome consists of approximately 3 million base pairs.
Signup and view all the answers
Most SNPs have observable differences that can affect an individual’s appearance or health.
Most SNPs have observable differences that can affect an individual’s appearance or health.
Signup and view all the answers
You share 98.5% of your DNA with chimpanzees.
You share 98.5% of your DNA with chimpanzees.
Signup and view all the answers
Introns are primarily responsible for coding proteins in genes.
Introns are primarily responsible for coding proteins in genes.
Signup and view all the answers
Gene regulators are proteins that help to express the appropriate traits in an organism.
Gene regulators are proteins that help to express the appropriate traits in an organism.
Signup and view all the answers
Short tandem repeat polymorphisms (STRs) consist of longer sections of DNA than SNPs.
Short tandem repeat polymorphisms (STRs) consist of longer sections of DNA than SNPs.
Signup and view all the answers
The majority of your genes are located in your mitochondria.
The majority of your genes are located in your mitochondria.
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Human Genes and DNA
- Humans have approximately 20,000-25,000 genes.
- Only about 1% of DNA codes for proteins (exons).
- Introns are non-coding DNA regions interspersed with exons; not used for protein synthesis, but may affect chromosome structure.
- Originally, non-coding regions were called "junk DNA," but evidence shows some have important functions like gene regulation.
- Human genetic differences are mainly found in non-coding regions.
Polymorphisms
- Polymorphisms are inherited segments of non-coding DNA, acting as genetic fingerprints.
- Population variations form the basis of polymorphisms.
- Non-coding DNA mutations are more likely to be passed down due to no direct effect on protein function.
- Polymorphisms can involve single base changes (SNPs) or repeated sections (STRs).
Mutations and Genetic Diseases
- Random mutations can occur anywhere in the genome.
- Exon mutations are often harmful, causing genetic diseases (e.g., cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease, Huntington's disease).
- Exon mutations negatively impact cell function and are less likely to be passed on.
- Intron mutations generally have no effect on cell function and are easily inherited.
- Exons responsible for nearly identical sequences between humans, while introns show variation among individuals.
Relatedness and DNA
- Humans share around 99.9% of their genes.
- Variations in introns (polymorphisms) provide insights into shared ancestry.
- Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most common type, involving single base-pair changes.
- Short tandem repeat polymorphisms (STRPs) involve repeated short DNA sequences.
DNA Structure and Function
- DNA is a double-stranded molecule composed of sugar, phosphate, and four bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine).
- The order of these bases determines genetic traits.
- Genes are recipes for making proteins, and these recipes are inherited.
- Genes function through protein production; cells express specific traits using genes.
- A cell's function is orchestrated by Gene Regulators turning on or off specific genes based on the need.
- The full set of 23 human chromosomes constitutes a human genome.
- Variation in a single base pair is a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP).
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Explore the fascinating world of human genetics through this quiz covering DNA, genes, polymorphisms, and mutations. Learn the essentials of coding and non-coding DNA, their roles, and how mutations can lead to genetic diseases. Test your understanding of genetic variations and their implications in human health.
