Human Endocrine System Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What hormone does the anterior pituitary gland release in response to Thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH)?

  • Growth hormone (GH)
  • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (correct)
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • Luteinizing hormone (LH)

    • Which structure is anterior to the trachea and has a butterfly shape?

  • Parathyroid gland
  • Anterior pituitary
  • Thyroid gland (correct)
  • Thymus gland

    • What role does iodine play in the function of the thyroid gland?

  • It regulates blood supply to the thyroid
  • It stores calcitonin
  • It promotes the secretion of growth hormone
  • It is essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormones (correct)

    • Which of the following hormones is regulated by the anterior pituitary gland?

    <p>Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which peptide hormones are released from the hypothalamus to influence the anterior pituitary?

    <p>GHRH and CRH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is primarily responsible for regulating blood volume?

    <p>Aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiological process is stimulated by thyroid hormones?

    <p>Increase in the use of fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the parathyroid glands?

    <p>Maintaining calcium and phosphate homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hormone is produced by the adrenal medulla?

    <p>Catecholamines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What regulates the secretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex?

    <p>Pituitary gland (ACTH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is secreted by the alpha cells in the pancreatic islet?

    <p>Glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is associated with the pituitary gland due to excess secretion of growth hormone?

    <p>Acromegaly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of somatostatin secreted by delta cells in the pancreas?

    <p>Inhibits glucagon and insulin release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is primarily elevated in Graves disease, associated with thyroid dysfunction?

    <p>T3 and T4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which endocrine gland is involved in diabetes mellitus due to insufficient insulin production?

    <p>Pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary hormones secreted by the pancreatic islet's alpha and beta cells?

    <p>Alpha cells secrete glucagon and beta cells secrete insulin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which conditions are associated with adrenal gland dysfunction?

    <p>Addison's disease and Cushing's disease are related to adrenal gland issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of somatostatin secreted by delta cells in the pancreas?

    <p>Somatostatin inhibits the release of both glucagon and insulin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Conns disease affect the adrenal glands?

    <p>Conns disease results in the overproduction of aldosterone by the adrenal glands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between diabetes and the pancreas?

    <p>Diabetes is linked to insufficient insulin production by the pancreas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the thyroid gland contribute to calcium homeostasis?

    <p>The thyroid gland releases calcitonin, which helps lower blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity and promoting calcium deposition in bones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of iodine in the synthesis of thyroid hormones?

    <p>Iodine is essential for the production of T3 and T4 hormones, as it is a critical component of their molecular structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the relationship between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary in regulating thyroid function.

    <p>The hypothalamus releases Thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH), which stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), which in turn promotes the release of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the thyroid gland during swallowing and why?

    <p>During swallowing, the thyroid gland moves upwards as it is attached to the trachea, allowing better passage of food through the esophagus and facilitating its function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain how the blood supply affects the function of the thyroid gland.

    <p>The thyroid gland is supplied by the superior and inferior thyroid arteries, ensuring it receives adequate oxygen and nutrients necessary for hormone synthesis and secretion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the parathyroid glands in maintaining calcium homeostasis?

    <p>The parathyroid glands regulate calcium and phosphate levels in the body, primarily by secreting parathyroid hormone (PTH). This hormone increases blood calcium levels by promoting calcium release from bones, reabsorption in the kidneys, and absorption from the intestines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the impact of low T3 and T4 levels on metabolic processes in the body.

    <p>Low levels of T3 and T4 result in a decreased basal metabolic rate, leading to reduced energy expenditure and potentially weight gain. This condition also affects thermoregulation, resulting in lower body temperature and decreased use of glucose and fatty acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does adrenergic stimulation influence adrenal hormone secretion?

    <p>Adrenergic stimulation activates the adrenal medulla to secrete catecholamines like adrenaline and noradrenaline. This response helps in the 'fight or flight' reaction, increasing heart rate and energy availability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary hormones produced by the adrenal cortex and their functions?

    <p>The adrenal cortex primarily produces glucocorticoids (like cortisol), which respond to stress, mineralocorticoids (like aldosterone) that regulate blood volume, and androgens, which serve as sex hormones. Each plays a crucial role in metabolism, fluid balance, and secondary sexual characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain how negative feedback regulates the secretion of thyroid hormones.

    <p>Negative feedback regulates thyroid hormones by inhibiting the release of TSH from the anterior pituitary when levels of T3 and T4 are sufficient. This mechanism prevents overproduction and maintains hormonal equilibrium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Thyroid Gland

    • Located on the lower portion of the neck, anterior to the trachea.
    • Butterfly-shaped, with two lobes (5 cm long) connected by the isthmus.
    • Attached to the trachea, allowing the gland to move upward when swallowing.
    • Function: Releases calcitonin (regulates calcium homeostasis), T3 and T4 (regulate metabolism of most cells), and stores iodine and thyroglobin (used for thyroid hormone synthesis).
    • Regulated by the anterior pituitary gland (TSH).
    • Blood supply: Superior and inferior thyroid arteries (thyroid ima artery supplies the isthmus in some people), drained by the superior and middle thyroid veins into the internal jugular vein and the inferior thyroid veins into the brachiocephalic vein.

    Pancreas

    • Each pancreatic islet contains four types of hormone-secreting cells:
      • Alpha (α) cells (17%): Secrete glucagon, which raises blood glucose.
      • Beta (β) cells (70%): Secrete insulin, which lowers blood glucose.
      • Delta (δ) cells (7%): Secrete somatostatin, which inhibits both glucagon and insulin release.
      • F or pp cells (remaining cells): Secrete pancreatic polypeptide, which inhibits somatostatin and digestive enzymes.

    Parathyroid

    • Located on the posterior surface of each lobe of the thyroid gland (total of four) and can vary in number (2-6).
    • Size: 5 mm in diameter.
    • Contains chief cells, oxyphil cells, and adipocytes.
    • Function: Regulates calcium and phosphate homeostasis.
    • Regulated by negative feedback based on calcium levels.
    • Blood supply: Inferior thyroid arteries.

    Adrenal Glands

    • Paired retroperitoneal glands situated over the superior pole of each kidney.
    • Right gland: Pyramidal shape.
    • Left gland: Semi-lunar shape.
    • Divided into medulla and cortex.
    • Function: Secrete steroid and catecholamine hormones directly into the blood.
    • Regulation:
      • Adrenal cortex: Regulated by the pituitary gland (ACTH).
      • Adrenal medulla: Regulated by the sympathetic nervous system.

    Adrenal Cortex Hormones

    • Glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol): Released in response to stress.
    • Mineralocorticoids (e.g., aldosterone): Regulate blood volume.
    • Androgens: Sex hormones.

    Adrenal Medulla Hormones

    • Catecholamines: Adrenaline and noradrenaline.

    Adrenal Gland Blood Supply

    • Superior adrenal artery: Arises from the inferior phrenic artery.
    • Middle adrenal artery: Arises from the abdominal aorta.
    • Inferior adrenal artery: Arises from the renal arteries.
    • Right and left adrenal veins drain the glands.

    Thyroid Disorders

    • TSH high, T3 low, T4 low: Hypothyroidism (low T3 and T4 due to disease, cold, pregnancy, low t3 t4, or adrenaline).
    • TSH low, T3 high, T4 high: Graves disease (autoimmune, raised T3 and T4).

    Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland

    • Hypothalamus releases hormones that regulate the pituitary gland
    • Anterior pituitary releases TSH, GH, ACTH, LH, FSH, PRL
    • Posterior pituitary releases ADH and oxytocin

    Thyroid Gland

    • Located anterior to the trachea, butterfly-shaped, two lobes connected by isthmus
    • Function: releases calcitonin (calcium homeostasis) and thyroid hormones T3 & T4 (regulate metabolism)
    • Thyroid hormones require iodine and thyroglobulin for synthesis
    • Regulated by anterior pituitary gland (TSH)
    • Blood supply: superior and inferior thyroid arteries, drained by superior and middle thyroid veins into the internal jugular vein, inferior thyroid veins into the brachiocephalic vein

    Pancreatic Islets

    • Alpha (α) cells: secrete glucagon (raises blood glucose)
    • Beta (β) cells: secrete insulin (lowers blood glucose)
    • Delta (δ) cells: secrete somatostatin (inhibits glucagon and insulin release)
    • F cells: secrete pancreatic polypeptide (inhibits somatostatin and digestive enzymes)

    Endocrine Disorders

    • Addison's disease: Adrenal insufficiency
    • Hypothyroidism: Thyroid gland, low T3 and T4
    • Cushing's disease: Adrenal gland, raised cortisol (or too much steroid medication)
    • Diabetes: Pancreas
    • Conn's disease: Adrenal gland, too much aldosterone
    • Grave's disease: Thyroid gland, autoimmune, raised T3 and T4
    • Acromegaly: Pituitary gland, too much growth hormone

    Thyroid Hormone Functions

    • Increase basal metabolic rate
    • Increase body temperature (calorigenic effect)
    • Increase use of glucose and fatty acids
    • Stimulate lipolysis
    • Regulate development and growth of nervous tissue and bones

    Parathyroid Gland

    • Located on the posterior surface of each lobe of the thyroid gland (total 4)
    • Structure: 5mm in diameter, chief cells, oxyphil cells, and adipocytes
    • Function: calcium and phosphate homeostasis
    • Regulated by negative feedback, calcium levels
    • Blood supply: inferior thyroid arteries

    Adrenal Glands

    • Paired retroperitoneal glands situated over the superior pole of each kidney
    • Right gland is pyramidal, left gland is semi-lunar
    • Separated into medulla and cortex
    • Secrete steroid and catecholamine hormones directly into blood
    • Adrenal cortex regulated by pituitary gland (ACTH), adrenal medulla regulated by sympathetic nervous system

    Adrenal Cortex

    • Glucocorticoids: in response to stress (cortisol)
    • Mineralocorticoids: regulate blood volume (aldosterone)
    • Androgens: sex hormone

    Adrenal Medulla

    • Catecholamines: adrenaline and noradrenaline

    Adrenal Blood Supply

    • Superior adrenal artery: arises from inferior phrenic artery
    • Middle adrenal artery: arises from abdominal aorta
    • Inferior adrenal artery: arises from renal arteries
    • Right and left adrenal veins drain the glands

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