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Growth and Development
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Growth and Development

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Questions and Answers

Which stage of development is the embryo most susceptible to toxic agents?

  • Critical period (correct)
  • Embryo period
  • Germinal period
  • Foetus period

    • What is the period of rapid growth in foetal development?

  • Day 20-30
  • Day 10-20 (correct)
  • Day 1-10
  • Day 30-40

    • Which hormone is involved in protein accumulation during foetal development?

  • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
  • GH (Growth Hormone)
  • Thyroid hormone
  • IGF-1 (Insulin like Growth Factor 1) (correct)

    • What is the term for the stage of development where three germ layers are formed?

    <p>Gastrulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a derivative of the ectoderm germ layer?

    <p>Nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the period of development when the embryo is most susceptible to Thalidomide?

    <p>Critical period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which germ layer gives rise to the urogenital organs (except urinary bladder)?

    <p>Mesoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stage of development when the foetus accumulates fat?

    <p>Day 30-40</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is involved in the regulation of growth and development?

    <p>GH (Growth Hormone)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the stage of development when the embryo implants in the uterus?

    <p>Implantation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which cells 'count' their divisions to prevent uncontrolled replication?

    <p>Telomere shortening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of telomerase in stem cells?

    <p>To allow for replication without loss of telomere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of telomere loss in cells with intact p53?

    <p>Ageing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between stem cells and most other cells in terms of telomere expression?

    <p>Stem cells express higher levels of telomerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of p53 in response to DNA damage?

    <p>To stop the cell cycle and induce DNA repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the repetitive DNA sequences at the end of chromosomes in human cells?

    <p>To form a loop that is not recognized as broken DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of telomere loss in cells with dysfunctional p53?

    <p>Cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between telomere length and cell division?

    <p>Telomere length decreases with each cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of iPS cells that allows them to proliferate?

    <p>They express high levels of telomerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which mitochondrial mutations occur at a higher rate than gene mutations?

    <p>Reactive oxygen species (ROS) cause mitochondrial mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of IGF-1 in relation to Growth Hormone (GH)?

    <p>Produced in the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type cannot renew by any mechanism?

    <p>Photoreceptor cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of GH stimulating lipolysis?

    <p>Increased plasma glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of stem cell has the ability to differentiate into multiple cell types, but not all types?

    <p>Adult stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an effect of increased GnRH activity in males?

    <p>Increase in spermatogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a hallmark of ageing?

    <p>Stimulation of lipolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells rely on stem cells for renewal?

    <p>Blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of stem cell is located at the margin of the cornea?

    <p>Limbal stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the condition when cells are metabolically active but unable to divide?

    <p>Senescence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor does NOT contribute to the hallmark of ageing known as genomic instability?

    <p>Deregulated nutrient-sensing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the period of development when the embryo is most susceptible to teratogen?

    <p>Critical period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which germ layer gives rise to the nervous system?

    <p>Ectoderm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of GH in relation to growth and development?

    <p>Regulating IGF-1 production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of development do the three germ layers form?

    <p>Gastrulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the stage of development when the embryo implants in the uterus?

    <p>Implantation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of Growth Hormone (GH) on glucose levels in the liver?

    <p>Stimulates glycogenolysis and raises plasma glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is involved in the regulation of fat accumulation during fetal development?

    <p>GH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of increased Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (GnRH) activity in females?

    <p>Stimulation of FSH and LH production, leading to ovarian follicle maturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the stage of development when the embryo undergoes rapid growth?

    <p>Day 10-20</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a derivative of the mesoderm germ layer?

    <p>Muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of stem cell can differentiate into multiple cell types, but not all?

    <p>Adult stem cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the stage of development when the embryo undergoes protein accumulation?

    <p>Day 20-30</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of cells in senescence?

    <p>Metabolically active and unable to divide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hallmark of ageing characterized by the accumulation of mutations and epigenetic factors in the genome?

    <p>Genomic instability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a teratogen?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) in relation to Growth Hormone (GH)?

    <p>Being produced in response to GH stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type relies on stem cells for renewal?

    <p>Skin epidermal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of cells in quiescence?

    <p>Metabolically inactive and unable to divide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of Growth Hormone (GH) on lipolysis?

    <p>Stimulating lipolysis and increasing glucose production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of stem cell located at the margin of the cornea?

    <p>Limbal stem cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process is most directly affected by telomere shortening in human cells?

    <p>Cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism allows stem cells to avoid the consequences of telomere shortening?

    <p>Expression of telomerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is essential for the replication of telomeres?

    <p>Telomerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the loop formed by telomeres at the ends of chromosomes?

    <p>It prevents recognition as broken DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor leads to an increased incidence of mitochondrial mutations?

    <p>Reactive oxygen species (ROS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when telomeres become critically short in most human cells?

    <p>Activation of p53 and cell cycle arrest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following most correctly describes the role of p53 in a cell with short telomeres?

    <p>Induces apoptosis and DNA repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is most likely to regain telomerase activity due to gene reprogramming?

    <p>iPS cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of telomerase in cells?

    <p>To maintain the length of telomeres during replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best explains why cancer cells can divide indefinitely?

    <p>Increased telomerase expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

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