Growth and Development

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Which stage of development is the embryo most susceptible to toxic agents?

Critical period (correct)

Embryo period

Germinal period

Foetus period

What is the period of rapid growth in foetal development?

Day 20-30

Day 10-20 (correct)

Day 1-10

Day 30-40

Which hormone is involved in protein accumulation during foetal development?

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

GH (Growth Hormone)

Thyroid hormone

IGF-1 (Insulin like Growth Factor 1) (correct)

What is the term for the stage of development where three germ layers are formed?

Gastrulation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a derivative of the ectoderm germ layer?

Nervous system Signup and view all the answers

What is the period of development when the embryo is most susceptible to Thalidomide?

Critical period Signup and view all the answers

Which germ layer gives rise to the urogenital organs (except urinary bladder)?

Mesoderm Signup and view all the answers

What is the stage of development when the foetus accumulates fat?

Day 30-40 Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is involved in the regulation of growth and development?

GH (Growth Hormone) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the stage of development when the embryo implants in the uterus?

Implantation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which cells 'count' their divisions to prevent uncontrolled replication?

Telomere shortening Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of telomerase in stem cells?

To allow for replication without loss of telomere Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of telomere loss in cells with intact p53?

Ageing Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between stem cells and most other cells in terms of telomere expression?

Stem cells express higher levels of telomerase Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of p53 in response to DNA damage?

To stop the cell cycle and induce DNA repair Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the repetitive DNA sequences at the end of chromosomes in human cells?

To form a loop that is not recognized as broken DNA Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of telomere loss in cells with dysfunctional p53?

Cancer Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between telomere length and cell division?

Telomere length decreases with each cell division Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of iPS cells that allows them to proliferate?

They express high levels of telomerase Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism by which mitochondrial mutations occur at a higher rate than gene mutations?

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) cause mitochondrial mutations Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of IGF-1 in relation to Growth Hormone (GH)?

Produced in the liver Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type cannot renew by any mechanism?

Photoreceptor cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of GH stimulating lipolysis?

Increased plasma glucose levels Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stem cell has the ability to differentiate into multiple cell types, but not all types?

Adult stem cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an effect of increased GnRH activity in males?

Increase in spermatogenesis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a hallmark of ageing?

Stimulation of lipolysis Signup and view all the answers

Which cells rely on stem cells for renewal?

Blood cells Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stem cell is located at the margin of the cornea?

Limbal stem cells Signup and view all the answers

What describes the condition when cells are metabolically active but unable to divide?

Senescence Signup and view all the answers

What factor does NOT contribute to the hallmark of ageing known as genomic instability?

Deregulated nutrient-sensing Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the period of development when the embryo is most susceptible to teratogen?

Critical period Signup and view all the answers

Which germ layer gives rise to the nervous system?

Ectoderm Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of GH in relation to growth and development?

Regulating IGF-1 production Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of development do the three germ layers form?

Gastrulation Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the stage of development when the embryo implants in the uterus?

Implantation Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of Growth Hormone (GH) on glucose levels in the liver?

Stimulates glycogenolysis and raises plasma glucose levels Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is involved in the regulation of fat accumulation during fetal development?

GH Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of increased Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (GnRH) activity in females?

Stimulation of FSH and LH production, leading to ovarian follicle maturation Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the stage of development when the embryo undergoes rapid growth?

Day 10-20 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a derivative of the mesoderm germ layer?

Muscle Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stem cell can differentiate into multiple cell types, but not all?

Adult stem cell Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the stage of development when the embryo undergoes protein accumulation?

Day 20-30 Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of cells in senescence?

Metabolically active and unable to divide Signup and view all the answers

What is the hallmark of ageing characterized by the accumulation of mutations and epigenetic factors in the genome?

Genomic instability Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a teratogen?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) in relation to Growth Hormone (GH)?

Being produced in response to GH stimulation Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type relies on stem cells for renewal?

Skin epidermal cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of cells in quiescence?

Metabolically inactive and unable to divide Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of Growth Hormone (GH) on lipolysis?

Stimulating lipolysis and increasing glucose production Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of stem cell located at the margin of the cornea?

Limbal stem cell Signup and view all the answers

What process is most directly affected by telomere shortening in human cells?

Cell division Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism allows stem cells to avoid the consequences of telomere shortening?

Expression of telomerase Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is essential for the replication of telomeres?

Telomerase Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the loop formed by telomeres at the ends of chromosomes?

It prevents recognition as broken DNA Signup and view all the answers

Which factor leads to an increased incidence of mitochondrial mutations?

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) Signup and view all the answers

What happens when telomeres become critically short in most human cells?

Activation of p53 and cell cycle arrest Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following most correctly describes the role of p53 in a cell with short telomeres?

Induces apoptosis and DNA repair Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type is most likely to regain telomerase activity due to gene reprogramming?

iPS cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of telomerase in cells?

To maintain the length of telomeres during replication Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best explains why cancer cells can divide indefinitely?

Increased telomerase expression Signup and view all the answers

Growth and Development

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Questions and Answers

Which stage of development is the embryo most susceptible to toxic agents?

What is the period of rapid growth in foetal development?

Which hormone is involved in protein accumulation during foetal development?

What is the term for the stage of development where three germ layers are formed?

Which of the following is a derivative of the ectoderm germ layer?

What is the period of development when the embryo is most susceptible to Thalidomide?

Which germ layer gives rise to the urogenital organs (except urinary bladder)?

What is the stage of development when the foetus accumulates fat?

Which hormone is involved in the regulation of growth and development?

What is the term for the stage of development when the embryo implants in the uterus?

What is the primary mechanism by which cells 'count' their divisions to prevent uncontrolled replication?

What is the function of telomerase in stem cells?

What is the consequence of telomere loss in cells with intact p53?

What is the primary difference between stem cells and most other cells in terms of telomere expression?

What is the role of p53 in response to DNA damage?

What is the function of the repetitive DNA sequences at the end of chromosomes in human cells?

What is the consequence of telomere loss in cells with dysfunctional p53?

What is the relationship between telomere length and cell division?

What is the characteristic of iPS cells that allows them to proliferate?

What is the mechanism by which mitochondrial mutations occur at a higher rate than gene mutations?

What is the primary role of IGF-1 in relation to Growth Hormone (GH)?

Which cell type cannot renew by any mechanism?

What is the consequence of GH stimulating lipolysis?

Which type of stem cell has the ability to differentiate into multiple cell types, but not all types?

Which of the following is an effect of increased GnRH activity in males?

Which of the following is NOT a hallmark of ageing?

Which cells rely on stem cells for renewal?

Which type of stem cell is located at the margin of the cornea?

What describes the condition when cells are metabolically active but unable to divide?

What factor does NOT contribute to the hallmark of ageing known as genomic instability?

What is the term for the period of development when the embryo is most susceptible to teratogen?

Which germ layer gives rise to the nervous system?

What is the primary function of GH in relation to growth and development?

During which stage of development do the three germ layers form?

What is the term for the stage of development when the embryo implants in the uterus?

What is the effect of Growth Hormone (GH) on glucose levels in the liver?

Which hormone is involved in the regulation of fat accumulation during fetal development?

What is the result of increased Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (GnRH) activity in females?

What is the term for the stage of development when the embryo undergoes rapid growth?

Which of the following is a derivative of the mesoderm germ layer?

Which type of stem cell can differentiate into multiple cell types, but not all?

What is the term for the stage of development when the embryo undergoes protein accumulation?

What is the characteristic of cells in senescence?

What is the hallmark of ageing characterized by the accumulation of mutations and epigenetic factors in the genome?

Which of the following is a teratogen?

What is the primary role of Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) in relation to Growth Hormone (GH)?

Which cell type relies on stem cells for renewal?

What is the characteristic of cells in quiescence?

What is the effect of Growth Hormone (GH) on lipolysis?

What is the type of stem cell located at the margin of the cornea?

What process is most directly affected by telomere shortening in human cells?

What mechanism allows stem cells to avoid the consequences of telomere shortening?

Which enzyme is essential for the replication of telomeres?

What is the significance of the loop formed by telomeres at the ends of chromosomes?

Which factor leads to an increased incidence of mitochondrial mutations?

What happens when telomeres become critically short in most human cells?

Which of the following most correctly describes the role of p53 in a cell with short telomeres?

Which cell type is most likely to regain telomerase activity due to gene reprogramming?

What is the primary role of telomerase in cells?

Which statement best explains why cancer cells can divide indefinitely?

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