Human Digestive System Quiz

Human Substance Transport and Exchange

• The process of transporting and exchanging substances is crucial for the proper functioning of multicellular organisms.
• This process involves several organ systems, including the circulatory, respiratory, digestive, and excretory systems.
• The systems function together to provide cells with necessary substances and remove wastes.

Digestive System

• The digestive system is involved in the breakdown and absorption of food.

• It consists of several organs: mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines (small and large), rectum, and anus.

• Digestive glands (salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas) produce enzymes to aid digestion.

• Food is broken down mechanically and chemically to be absorbed.

• The digestive process is aided by enzymes like ptyalin (amylase), pepsin, and rennin.

• The diagram shows the location of the digestive system organs in the torso, including the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder.

Tooth Structure

• Teeth comprise various parts: crown, neck, root, enamel, dentin, and pulp.
• Enamel covers the crown and is the hardest substance in the human body.
• Dentin lies underneath the enamel.
• The pulp houses blood vessels and nerves.
• The diagram illustrate the anatomy of a tooth.

Types of Teeth

• Different teeth have specialized functions:
  • Incisors: Cutting food.
  • Canines: Tearing food.
  • Premolars: Chewing food.
  • Molars: Chewing food.
• The diagram depicts various types of teeth in the human mouth and provides different functions.

Children's Teeth

• Children's teeth develop and are lost at specific ages
• Age when teeth come in and are lost are shown.

Permanent Teeth

• Permanent teeth emerge in a particular order.
• Eruption times are given for upper and lower permanent teeth.

Tongue

• The tongue's crucial roles include taste, turning food, and pushing it into the esophagus.
• Taste buds are located on the surface of the tongue.

Salivary Glands

• Salivary glands produce saliva, facilitating the swallowing process.
• Parotid glands, submandibular glands, and sublingual glands are different types of salivary glands, each located in specific areas of the oral cavity.

Esophagus

• The esophagus is approximately 20 cm long and made of smooth muscles.
• Peristalsis, a wave-like muscle contraction, pushes food into the stomach.
• The esophagus doesn't directly digest food.
• The trachea (windpipe) is located in front of the esophagus.
• The epiglottis is a cartilage that closes the trachea during swallowing.

Stomach

• The stomach, also known as the ventriculus, is located in the upper left abdominal cavity.
• It has three parts: the cardiac region (upper), fundus (middle), and pylorus (lower).
• Mechanical and chemical digestion occurs in the stomach.

Enzymes in the Stomach

• Different enzymes work to break down food in the stomach.
• Enzymes like pepsin, rennin, and HCI help with this process
• Pepsin breaks protein, rennin coagulates milk, and HCI kills germs.

Small Intestine

• The small intestine is roughly 6.5 meters long.
• The three sections of the small intestine include the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
• Pancreatic sap and bile are released into the duodenum.

Duodenum

• The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine.
• The bile duct and pancreatic duct meet in the duodenum.
• Bile aids in the digestion of fats.

Jejunum

• The jejunum produces enzymes similar to those produced by the pancreas.
• These enzymes, such as amylase, lipase, and trypsin, help break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

Ileum

• The ileum absorbs food nutrients.
• Nutrients are absorbed and distributed via blood and lymph vessels.
• The ileum has villi to increase the surface area for nutrient absorption.

Large Intestine

• The large intestine (colon) receives undigested food and absorbs water; solidifying waste matter to be expelled.
• The large intestine houses E. coli bacteria, essential for the breakdown process.
• Vitamin K is produced by bacteria in the large intestine.
• The large intestine includes the ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon.

Rectum

• The rectum is the portion of the large intestine that stores feces.
• It serves as the last stop in the digestive pathway, just before the anus.
• The rectum is approximately 6 inches long.

Anus

• The anus is the opening to the outside of the body.
• It expels solid waste products.
• It acts as a gate or sphincter to control the emission of waste.

Liver and Gallbladder

• The liver produces bile, aiding in fat digestion.
• The liver also filters blood; removing toxins and substances from the blood.
• Bile is stored in the gallbladder and released into the small intestine when needed.

Pancreas

• The pancreas releases digestive enzymes into the small intestine to break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
• The pancreas also produces insulin and glucagon, hormones that regulate blood sugar levels.

Digestive Enzymes

• Various enzymes play roles in breaking down different food components.
• Amylase breaks down carbohydrates, protease breaks down proteins, and lipase breaks down fats in the small intestine.

Nutrient Absorption

• Villi and microvilli increase the surface area of the small intestine, enhancing nutrient absorption.
• Nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream or lymph vessels via the villi. This distribution of nutrients throughout the body supports cellular function.

Digestive System Disorders

• Various disorders can affect the digestive system, including mumps, ulcers, indigestion, colic, appendicitis, constipation, and diarrhea.
• These disorders can stem from infections, inflammation, or problems with organ function.