Human Digestive System Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What happens to the roots of milk teeth as permanent teeth develop?

  • The roots anchor the teeth further.
  • The roots dissolve completely.
  • The roots become larger and stronger.
  • The roots are reabsorbed. (correct)

Which type of teeth are adapted specifically for grinding food?

  • Premolars and molars (correct)
  • Incisors
  • Canines
  • Wisdom teeth

What covers the outer surface of a tooth's root?

  • Cementum (correct)
  • Enamel
  • Pulp
  • Dentin

Which structure contains connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerve fibers within a tooth?

<p>Pulp cavity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of salivary amylase found in saliva?

<p>To start the digestion of starch (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of the pancreas relative to the parietal peritoneum?

<p>Retroperitoneal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which glands empty their secretions into the floor of the mouth?

<p>Submandibular and sublingual glands (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substance in the tooth is considered the hardest in the body?

<p>Enamel (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the release of saliva when food is chewed?

<p>The pressure of the food in the mouth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of swallowing is voluntary?

<p>Buccal phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What controls the involuntary pharyngeal-esophageal phase of swallowing?

<p>The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the epiglottis during swallowing?

<p>To block off unwanted routes for food (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates the secretion of gastric juice in the stomach?

<p>Nervous reflexes from sight and smell of food (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is released when food enters the stomach and affects gastric juice secretion?

<p>Gastrin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of pepsinogen in the stomach?

<p>To break down proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does food go after it presses against the cardioesophageal sphincter?

<p>Into the stomach (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure serves as the outermost capsule of the kidney?

<p>Renal fascia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the kidney is responsible for urine collection?

<p>Renal pelvis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure within a nephron is primarily composed of a bundle of capillaries?

<p>Glomerulus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following directly surrounds the glomerulus?

<p>Bowman's capsule (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of podocytes found in the nephron?

<p>To filter blood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure separates the renal pyramids within the kidney?

<p>Renal columns (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which arteries supply the cortical tissue of the kidney?

<p>Cortical radiate arteries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What provides cushioning for the kidneys against impacts?

<p>Perirenal fat capsule (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is primarily responsible for the voluntary action of placing food in the mouth?

<p>Ingestion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the involuntary movements responsible for propelling food through the digestive organs?

<p>Peristalsis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a form of mechanical digestion?

<p>Segmentation in the small intestine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the chemical digestion process?

<p>Breakdown of large food molecules by enzymes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is NOT part of the alimentary canal?

<p>Liver (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the uvula in the digestive system?

<p>To assist in the swallowing process (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do nutrients enter the bloodstream during digestion?

<p>Through absorption in the mucosal cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of defecation in the digestive system?

<p>To eliminate indigestible residues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the hypothalamus play in the endocrine system?

<p>It produces hormones that regulate metabolic functions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is NOT produced by the anterior pituitary gland?

<p>Adrenaline (epinephrine) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the major function of growth hormone (GH)?

<p>It stimulates the growth of skeletal muscles and long bones. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the pituitary gland located?

<p>Hangs from the inferior surface of the hypothalamus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the only known target of prolactin (PRL) in humans?

<p>The breast. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does luteinizing hormone (LH) play in the body?

<p>It stimulates the production of testosterone and ovulation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone influences the growth and activity of the thyroid gland?

<p>Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in males?

<p>It stimulates sperm development. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary hormone is secreted by the pineal gland?

<p>Melatonin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the size of the thymus gland change throughout an individual's life?

<p>It decreases in size throughout adulthood. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does progesterone play during pregnancy?

<p>It prevents the muscles of the uterus from contracting. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are the female gonads located in the body?

<p>In the pelvic cavity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the thymosin hormone produced by the thymus gland?

<p>To aid in the development of T-lymphocytes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for the development of female secondary sex characteristics?

<p>Estrogen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the male gonads also known as?

<p>Testes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone do the testes primarily produce?

<p>Testosterone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Ingestion

The process of taking food into the mouth. It's an active, voluntary process.

Propulsion

The movement of food from one digestive organ to the next. It involves involuntary muscle contractions called peristalsis.

Mechanical Digestion

The physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces, preparing it for further chemical digestion. Examples include chewing and churning.

Chemical Digestion

The breakdown of large food molecules into smaller building blocks by enzymes.

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Absorption

The transport of digested nutrients from the digestive tract to the blood or lymph.

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Defecation

The elimination of indigestible waste from the digestive tract through the anus.

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Alimentary Canal

A continuous, hollow muscular tube that winds through the body cavity. It's also known as the gastrointestinal tract.

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Mouth

The entrance to the digestive tract. It's a mucous membrane-lined cavity where food is ingested.

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Permanent Teeth

The second set of teeth that replace baby teeth. They are larger and have deeper roots.

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Incisors

Chisel-shaped teeth at the front of your mouth, designed for cutting food.

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Canines

Pointy teeth situated next to incisors, used for tearing and piercing food.

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Premolars

Teeth with two cusps (bumps) behind canines, used for grinding food.

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Molars

Teeth with broad crowns and multiple cusps, located at the back of the mouth, used primarily for grinding food.

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Enamel

The hard outer layer of a tooth; it's the hardest substance in your body.

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Dentin

The bone-like material beneath the enamel, forming the bulk of the tooth.

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Pulp Cavity

The central space within a tooth containing blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue.

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What is the role of the pharynx and esophagus in digestion?

They act as passageways, transporting food from the mouth to the stomach without any digestive function.

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What is deglutition?

Deglutition, or swallowing, is a complex process involving the coordinated action of the tongue, soft palate, pharynx, and esophagus.

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What happens during the buccal phase of deglutition?

This voluntary phase takes place in the mouth, where the chewed food mixed with saliva (bolus) is pushed into the pharynx by the tongue.

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What controls the involuntary pharyngeal-esophageal phase?

The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system governs this phase, promoting the mobility of the digestive organs.

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How are unwanted food routes blocked during swallowing?

The tongue blocks the mouth, the soft palate closes the nasal passages, and the larynx rises, covering its opening with the epiglottis.

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How does food enter the stomach?

When food reaches the end of the esophagus, it presses against the cardioesophageal sphincter, causing it to open and allowing food to enter the stomach.

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What are the main functions of the stomach?

The stomach's main functions are food breakdown and propulsion, involving both mechanical mixing and chemical digestion.

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How is gastric juice secretion regulated?

Gastric juice secretion is controlled by both neural and hormonal factors, primarily by the hormone gastrin.

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Renal Capsule

A transparent, fibrous layer that encloses the kidney, giving it a glistening appearance.

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Perirenal Fat Capsule

A fatty mass that surrounds the kidney, cushioning it from shocks and blows.

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Renal Fascia

The outermost layer of the kidney, anchoring it and holding it in place against the trunk wall.

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Renal Cortex

The outer region of the kidney, light in color.

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Renal Medulla

The inner region of the kidney, darker and reddish-brown.

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Renal Pyramids

Triangular regions within the medulla, with a striped appearance, responsible for urine concentration.

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Renal Columns

Extensions of cortex-like tissue that separate the renal pyramids.

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Renal Pelvis

A flat, basin-like cavity that collects urine before sending it to the ureter.

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Hypothalamus

A brain region that acts as a major endocrine organ. It controls the pituitary gland and produces hormones like ADH and oxytocin.

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Pituitary Gland

A pea-sized gland attached to the hypothalamus. It has two lobes: the anterior (glandular) and posterior (nervous).

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Growth Hormone (GH)

A hormone produced by the anterior pituitary. It promotes growth of muscles and bones.

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Prolactin (PRL)

A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. It stimulates milk production in mothers after childbirth.

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What does ACTH regulate?

ACTH, secreted by the anterior pituitary, regulates the activity of the adrenal cortex.

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Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

A hormone from the anterior pituitary that stimulates the thyroid's growth and activity.

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What do gonadotropic hormones regulate?

They regulate the hormone production of the gonads (ovaries and testes).

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Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

A gonadotropic hormone that stimulates follicle development in females and sperm development in males.

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Pineal Gland

A small, cone-shaped gland located in the brain, responsible for producing melatonin, which regulates sleep-wake cycles.

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Melatonin

A hormone produced by the pineal gland that plays a key role in regulating sleep-wake cycles by controlling the body's circadian rhythm.

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Thymus Gland

A gland located in the upper chest, responsible for the development and maturity of T-cells, which are critical for the immune system.

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Thymosin

A hormone produced by the thymus gland that is essential for the development and maturation of T-cells, which are vital for a healthy immune response.

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Ovaries

A pair of almond-shaped organs in the female reproductive system responsible for producing eggs and sex hormones like estrogen and progesterone.

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Estrogen

A female sex hormone produced by the ovaries, responsible for the development of female sexual characteristics at puberty and regulating the menstrual cycle.

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Progesterone

A female sex hormone produced by the ovaries, working alongside estrogen to regulate the menstrual cycle and prepare the body for pregnancy.

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Testes

Paired oval organs in the male reproductive system responsible for producing sperm and testosterone.

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Study Notes

Digestive System Anatomy and Physiology

  • Ingestion: The intentional, voluntary intake of food into the mouth.
  • Propulsion: Movement of food through the digestive tract, often by peristalsis (contractions of smooth muscle).
  • Food breakdown (mechanical): Physical fragmentation of food (e.g., chewing, churning).
  • Food breakdown (chemical): Breakdown of large food molecules into smaller units by enzymes.
  • Absorption: The uptake of digested nutrients from the digestive tract into the bloodstream or lymphatic system.
  • Defecation: Removal of indigestible food residues from the body.

Anatomy of the Digestive System

  • Alimentary canal: A continuous, hollow tube that winds through the ventral body cavity (e.g., mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus).
  • Accessory digestive organs: Organs that aid in digestion but are not part of the alimentary canal (e.g., teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas).

Mouth (Oral Cavity)

  • Lips (labia): Protect anterior opening.
  • Cheeks: Lateral walls.
  • Hard palate: Anterior roof.
  • Soft palate: Posterior roof, including uvula (fleshy projection).
  • Vestibule: Space between lips/cheeks and teeth.

Pharynx

  • Oropharynx: Posterior to the oral cavity.
  • Laryngopharynx: Continuous with the esophagus, common passageway for food and air.

Esophagus

  • Size and function: Conducts food by peristalsis to the stomach.
  • Structure: Four basic tissue layers.

Stomach

  • Location: C-shaped organ in the left side of abdominal cavity.
  • Function: Temporary food storage and breakdown.
  • Cardia: Surrounds the cardioesophageal sphincter, entrance of food into the stomach.
  • Fundus: Expanded part of the stomach lateral to the cardiac region.

Small Intestine

  • Location: Extends from pyloric sphincter of the stomach to the large intestine.
  • Subdivisions: Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
  • Functions: Completion of digestion and nutrient absorption.
  • Histology: Includes villi and microvilli (increase surface area) for nutrient absorption.

Large Intestine

  • Location: Extends from the ileocecal valve to the anus.
  • Subdivisions: Cecum, appendix, colon (ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid), rectum, anal canal.
  • Functions: Absorb water and electrolytes; eliminate feces from the body.
  • Histology: Absence of villi and microvilli when compared to the small intestine.

Accessory Digestive Organs

  • Teeth: Tear and grind food.
  • Salivary Glands: Secrete saliva, which contains amylase (starch digestion).
  • Pancreas: Release enzymes into the small intestine for carbohydrate, protein, and fat digestion. Produce hormones (insulin, glucagon) to regulate blood sugar levels.
  • Liver: Largest gland; produces bile to aid in fat digestion. Filters blood.
  • Gallbladder: Stores and concentrates bile.

Urinary System Anatomy and Physiology

  • Kidneys: Filter blood, remove waste, regulate blood volume and pressure, and produce hormones.
  • Urinary bladder: Stores urine.
  • Ureters: Transport urine from kidneys to bladder.
  • Urethra: Transports urine from bladder to the outside of the body.

Nephons

  • Glomerulus (globular structure): A knot of capillaries where filtration of blood occurs.
  • Bowman's capsule: Surrounds the glomerulus, collects filtrate.
  • Renal tubule: Processes filtrate (reabsorption, secretion).

Urine Formation

  • Filtration: Blood pressure forces water and solutes into Bowman's capsule.
  • Reabsorption: Transport of essential substances from the tubule back to the bloodstream.
  • Secretion: Removal of wastes from the bloodstream and into the tubule.

Micturition (Voiding)

  • Urine storage: Stored until the bladder reaches capacity.
  • Neural activation: Stimulus elicits bladder contraction and relaxation of urethral sphincters.

Endocrine System

  • Pituitary gland: Secretes hormones controlling many body function: Anterior pituitary (Growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, etc) Posterior pituitary (Oxytocin, ADH).
  • Thyroid gland: Major metabolic hormone (T3, T4).
  • Parathyroid glands: Regulates calcium homeostasis.
  • Adrenal glands: Respond to stress, regulate electrolyte balance (mineralocorticoids), and metabolism (glucocorticoids).
  • Pancreas: Insulin and glucagon regulate blood sugar.
  • Pineal gland: Melatonin regulates sleep.
  • Gonads (ovaries/testes): Produce sex hormones.
  • Placenta: During pregnancy, produces vital hormones that maintain pregnancy.

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Digestive System Anatomy and Physiology PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on human teeth, saliva, and the digestive process. This quiz covers the structure and function of various digestive components, including teeth types and salivary functions. Evaluate your understanding of the roles of different glands and hormones in digestion.

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