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Questions and Answers
What process in brain development occurs around the 25th day of gestational life?
What process in brain development occurs around the 25th day of gestational life?
- Formation of neural tube bulges (correct)
- Neurulation
- Development of skin around the neural tube
- C-shaped embryonic self formation
What is the significance of the neural tube in brain development?
What is the significance of the neural tube in brain development?
- Growth of the brain stem
- Development of the central nervous system (correct)
- Creation of the cerebellum
- Formation of the spinal cord
At what stage of gestational life does the neural tube begin to take on a pronounced curved shape?
At what stage of gestational life does the neural tube begin to take on a pronounced curved shape?
- 30th day
- 25th day (correct)
- 20th day
- 15th day
What occurs during the process of neurulation?
What occurs during the process of neurulation?
What is the eventual fate of the sheet of cells that covers the neural tube?
What is the eventual fate of the sheet of cells that covers the neural tube?
What is the significance of the three distinct bulges that appear at the top of the embryonic self?
What is the significance of the three distinct bulges that appear at the top of the embryonic self?
At what stage of development does the embryo's central nervous system begin to form?
At what stage of development does the embryo's central nervous system begin to form?
What is the term for the process by which the neural tube forms and develops into the central nervous system?
What is the term for the process by which the neural tube forms and develops into the central nervous system?
Which of the following is a finding regarding the impact of early diet on academic achievement?
Which of the following is a finding regarding the impact of early diet on academic achievement?
What is the key factor that can reduce the impact of poor nutrition on cognitive development?
What is the key factor that can reduce the impact of poor nutrition on cognitive development?
What is the term for the combination of risk factors that can have a negative impact on development?
What is the term for the combination of risk factors that can have a negative impact on development?
What is the benefit of intervening to reduce one risk factor, such as malnutrition?
What is the benefit of intervening to reduce one risk factor, such as malnutrition?
What is the primary focus of the chapter in terms of development?
What is the primary focus of the chapter in terms of development?
What is the term for the process by which genetic information is expressed?
What is the term for the process by which genetic information is expressed?
What is the term for the study of the structure and function of the brain?
What is the term for the study of the structure and function of the brain?
What is the purpose of understanding the workings of the central nervous system for helping professionals?
What is the purpose of understanding the workings of the central nervous system for helping professionals?
What is a common characteristic of Down Syndrome?
What is a common characteristic of Down Syndrome?
Which of the following is a hallmark feature associated with Cri Du Chat Syndrome?
Which of the following is a hallmark feature associated with Cri Du Chat Syndrome?
Which type of genetic inheritance is most relevant when discussing conditions such as Down Syndrome?
Which type of genetic inheritance is most relevant when discussing conditions such as Down Syndrome?
In what way can chromosomal variations affect intellectual disability?
In what way can chromosomal variations affect intellectual disability?
Which chromosome number is typically associated with Trisomy 18, a condition linked to severe intellectual disability?
Which chromosome number is typically associated with Trisomy 18, a condition linked to severe intellectual disability?
What type of genetic inheritance pattern is seen in many cases of Fragile X Syndrome?
What type of genetic inheritance pattern is seen in many cases of Fragile X Syndrome?
Which of the following best describes the term 'allostatic overload' in the context of cognitive development?
Which of the following best describes the term 'allostatic overload' in the context of cognitive development?
In terms of genetics, which condition is characterized by a deletion on the short arm of chromosome 5?
In terms of genetics, which condition is characterized by a deletion on the short arm of chromosome 5?
Trisomy 18 is always associated with mild intellectual disability.
Trisomy 18 is always associated with mild intellectual disability.
Down Syndrome is caused by a deletion on the short arm of chromosome 5.
Down Syndrome is caused by a deletion on the short arm of chromosome 5.
Fragile X Syndrome is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern.
Fragile X Syndrome is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern.
Allostatic overload is a term used to describe the genetic causes of intellectual disability.
Allostatic overload is a term used to describe the genetic causes of intellectual disability.
Chromosomal variations can never affect intellectual disability.
Chromosomal variations can never affect intellectual disability.
Cri Du Chat Syndrome is characterized by an extra copy of chromosome 21.
Cri Du Chat Syndrome is characterized by an extra copy of chromosome 21.
Down Syndrome is caused by a deletion on chromosome 21.
Down Syndrome is caused by a deletion on chromosome 21.
Intellectual disability is always caused by genetic inheritance.
Intellectual disability is always caused by genetic inheritance.
Down Syndrome is typically caused by a deletion on the short arm of chromosome 5.
Down Syndrome is typically caused by a deletion on the short arm of chromosome 5.
Cri Du Chat Syndrome is characterized by a duplication on the short arm of chromosome 5.
Cri Du Chat Syndrome is characterized by a duplication on the short arm of chromosome 5.
Fragile X Syndrome is an example of autosomal dominant inheritance.
Fragile X Syndrome is an example of autosomal dominant inheritance.
Trisomy 18 is typically associated with chromosome 21.
Trisomy 18 is typically associated with chromosome 21.
Chromosomal variations can only affect physical development, not intellectual disability.
Chromosomal variations can only affect physical development, not intellectual disability.
Genetic inheritance plays no role in the development of intellectual disability.
Genetic inheritance plays no role in the development of intellectual disability.
Allostatic overload is a concept that is only relevant to physical development, not cognitive development.
Allostatic overload is a concept that is only relevant to physical development, not cognitive development.
Intellectual disability is always caused by a single genetic mutation.
Intellectual disability is always caused by a single genetic mutation.
Down Syndrome is caused by a deletion on the short arm of chromosome 5.
Down Syndrome is caused by a deletion on the short arm of chromosome 5.
Cri Du Chat Syndrome results from a deletion of part of chromosome 5.
Cri Du Chat Syndrome results from a deletion of part of chromosome 5.
Trisomy 18, a condition connected to severe intellectual disability, is typically associated with an extra chromosome 18.
Trisomy 18, a condition connected to severe intellectual disability, is typically associated with an extra chromosome 18.
Fragile X Syndrome is an example of autosomal dominant inheritance.
Fragile X Syndrome is an example of autosomal dominant inheritance.
Chromosomal variations can significantly affect the cognitive development of individuals.
Chromosomal variations can significantly affect the cognitive development of individuals.
Most cases of Down Syndrome are inherited from one affected parent.
Most cases of Down Syndrome are inherited from one affected parent.
Cri Du Chat Syndrome leads to a characteristic cat-like cry due to developmental issues.
Cri Du Chat Syndrome leads to a characteristic cat-like cry due to developmental issues.
Individuals with Fragile X Syndrome typically show normal intellectual development.
Individuals with Fragile X Syndrome typically show normal intellectual development.
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Study Notes
Early Prenatal Brain Development
- At 2 weeks, cells from the embryo's upper surface form a sheet that rearranges itself by turning inward and curling into a neural tube, signaling the beginning of central nervous system development.
- The neural tube is covered by another sheet of cells, which eventually becomes the skin, and is moved inside the embryo.
- Around the 25th day, the neural tube takes on a pronounced curved shape, with three distinct bulges appearing at the top, which eventually become the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain.
Brain Development Stages
- Figure 2.6 shows the stages of brain development, from 25 days to 9 months, with distinct changes in shape and structure.
- Within the primitive neural tube, important events occur that impact future development.
Nutrition and Brain Development
- Poor prenatal and postnatal environments lacking essential nutrients can affect brain development and academic achievement.
- Adequate diets can improve behavioral functioning, especially among children who were performing worst academically.
- The impact of poor nutrition can be lessened by other more benign influences, such as well-educated parents.
The Role of the Brain in Development
- The brain plays a central role in mediating stress-induced adaptations and correlations between allostatic overload and epigenetic alterations.
- Understanding the brain's workings is essential for helping professionals to understand how their clients think, feel, and learn.
Case Study: Leo and George
- Identical twins Leo and George were born with physical similarities but began to diverge in physical and psychological characteristics as they grew.
- Despite their similarities, they developed distinct differences in appearance, interests, and academic choices.
Early Prenatal Brain Development
- At 2 weeks, cells from the embryo's upper surface form a sheet that rearranges itself by turning inward and curling into a neural tube, signaling the beginning of central nervous system development.
- The neural tube is covered by another sheet of cells, which eventually becomes the skin, and is moved inside the embryo.
- Around the 25th day, the neural tube takes on a pronounced curved shape, with three distinct bulges appearing at the top, which eventually become the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain.
Brain Development Stages
- Figure 2.6 shows the stages of brain development, from 25 days to 9 months, with distinct changes in shape and structure.
- Within the primitive neural tube, important events occur that impact future development.
Nutrition and Brain Development
- Poor prenatal and postnatal environments lacking essential nutrients can affect brain development and academic achievement.
- Adequate diets can improve behavioral functioning, especially among children who were performing worst academically.
- The impact of poor nutrition can be lessened by other more benign influences, such as well-educated parents.
The Role of the Brain in Development
- The brain plays a central role in mediating stress-induced adaptations and correlations between allostatic overload and epigenetic alterations.
- Understanding the brain's workings is essential for helping professionals to understand how their clients think, feel, and learn.
Case Study: Leo and George
- Identical twins Leo and George were born with physical similarities but began to diverge in physical and psychological characteristics as they grew.
- Despite their similarities, they developed distinct differences in appearance, interests, and academic choices.
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