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Questions and Answers
What determines the intensity level of stimulation needed to evoke a reaction in a child?
What determines the intensity level of stimulation needed to evoke a reaction in a child?
Which of the following is a characteristic of a child with a low threshold of response?
Which of the following is a characteristic of a child with a low threshold of response?
What determines a child's mood quality?
What determines a child's mood quality?
Which category of temperament is characterized by a negative mood quality and withdrawal from new situations?
Which category of temperament is characterized by a negative mood quality and withdrawal from new situations?
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What percentage of children are rated as 'difficult' by their parents?
What percentage of children are rated as 'difficult' by their parents?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of the Slow-to-Warm-Up Child?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the Slow-to-Warm-Up Child?
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At what age do boys tend to surpass girls in terms of height and weight?
At what age do boys tend to surpass girls in terms of height and weight?
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What determines a parent's enjoyment of a child?
What determines a parent's enjoyment of a child?
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What is the pattern of development in terms of body systems?
What is the pattern of development in terms of body systems?
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Which category of temperament is characterized by a predictable rhythmicity and a positive mood quality?
Which category of temperament is characterized by a predictable rhythmicity and a positive mood quality?
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Why do children with high intelligence tend to advance faster in skills?
Why do children with high intelligence tend to advance faster in skills?
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What is the meaning of the Greek word 'cephalo' in the context of development?
What is the meaning of the Greek word 'cephalo' in the context of development?
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What is temperament?
What is temperament?
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At what age can an infant typically lift their head and chest off the bed?
At what age can an infant typically lift their head and chest off the bed?
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How do children with genetically transmitted diseases tend to grow?
How do children with genetically transmitted diseases tend to grow?
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Why is it important for parents to understand that children are not all alike?
Why is it important for parents to understand that children are not all alike?
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What is the sequence of development in terms of body parts?
What is the sequence of development in terms of body parts?
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What is the primary motor skill developed by 10 months of age?
What is the primary motor skill developed by 10 months of age?
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When do girls tend to surge ahead of boys in terms of height and weight?
When do girls tend to surge ahead of boys in terms of height and weight?
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What is a child's reaction pattern made up of?
What is a child's reaction pattern made up of?
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What is the principle of development that parallels cephalocaudal development?
What is the principle of development that parallels cephalocaudal development?
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How do boys and girls tend to compare in terms of height and weight at the end of puberty?
How do boys and girls tend to compare in terms of height and weight at the end of puberty?
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At what age can an infant typically turn over?
At what age can an infant typically turn over?
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What is the primary motor skill developed by 5 months of age?
What is the primary motor skill developed by 5 months of age?
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Growth and development processes occur from which stage of life?
Growth and development processes occur from which stage of life?
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What is the sequence of development of skills?
What is the sequence of development of skills?
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What is the pattern of growth in terms of body parts?
What is the pattern of growth in terms of body parts?
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What is the predictable sequence of motor development?
What is the predictable sequence of motor development?
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What is the age at which an infant doubles their birth weight?
What is the age at which an infant doubles their birth weight?
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What is the percentage increase in height during the first year of life?
What is the percentage increase in height during the first year of life?
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What is the range of time for accomplishing a stage of development?
What is the range of time for accomplishing a stage of development?
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What is the typical sequence of development in terms of body systems?
What is the typical sequence of development in terms of body systems?
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What is the primary characteristic of infants with low adaptability?
What is the primary characteristic of infants with low adaptability?
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What is the definition of adaptability in infants?
What is the definition of adaptability in infants?
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Which of the following children would have a high intensity of reaction?
Which of the following children would have a high intensity of reaction?
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What is the primary characteristic of children with high distractibility?
What is the primary characteristic of children with high distractibility?
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What is the primary difference between children with high and low attention span?
What is the primary difference between children with high and low attention span?
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Which of the following children would be described as stubborn or willful?
Which of the following children would be described as stubborn or willful?
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What is the primary characteristic of infants who are easily managed?
What is the primary characteristic of infants who are easily managed?
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What is the primary difference between adaptability and distractibility?
What is the primary difference between adaptability and distractibility?
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Study Notes
Principles of Growth and Development
- Growth and development are continuous processes from conception until death.
- All body systems do not develop at the same rate, with certain tissues maturing more rapidly than others.
- Development proceeds in an orderly sequence, with predictable stages at different rates.
Cephalocaudal Development
- Development proceeds from head to tail (downward).
- Motor development proceeds in a cephalocaudal order, from the head to the lower extremities.
- Examples:
- Newborn can lift only the head off the bed.
- By 2 mo, the infant can lift the head and chest off the bed.
- By 3 mo, the head, chest, and part of the abdomen.
- By 5 mo, the infant has enough control to turn over.
- By 9 mo, he or she can control the legs enough to crawl.
- By 1 yr, the child can stand upright and perhaps walk.
Proximal to Distal Development
- Development proceeds from the center of the body outward.
- Development of upper extremity development:
- Newborn makes little use of the arms or hands.
- By 3 or 4 mo, the infant has enough arm control to support the upper body weight on the forearms.
- By 10 mo, the infant can coordinate the arm and thumb and index fingers sufficiently well to use a pincerlike grasp.
Gross to Refined Skills
- Development proceeds from gross to refined skills.
- Example: Fine motor skills, such as using a pincerlike grasp, require control of distal body parts.
Intelligence and Health
- A child who inherits a genetically transmitted disease may not grow as rapidly or develop as fully as a healthy child.
- Children with high intelligence do not generally grow faster physically than other children, but they do tend to advance faster in skills.
Temperament
- Temperament is an inborn characteristic set at birth and is not developed by stages.
- It is an individual's characteristic manner of thinking, behaving, or reacting to stimuli in the environment.
- Understanding that children are not all alike will help parents deal with their children.
Reaction Patterns
- Each child's pattern is made up of a combination of individual elements, including adaptability, intensity of reaction, distractibility, attention span and persistence, threshold of response, and mood quality.
Adaptability
- Adaptability is the ability to change one's reaction to stimuli over time.
- Examples:
- Infants who are adaptable can change their first reaction to a situation without exhibiting extreme distress.
- Infants who cry for months whenever they are put into a bathtub or who cannot seem to accustom themselves to a new bed or new caregiver.
Intensity of Reaction
- Some children react to situations with their whole being, with intense symptoms of anger or have a mild or low-intensity reaction to stress.
Distractibility
- Children who are easily distracted or who can easily shift their attention to a new situation can be easily managed.
Attention Span and Persistence
- Attention span is the ability to remain interested in a project or activity.
- Persistence is the ability to keep trying to perform an activity even when failing.
Threshold of Response
- The threshold of response is the intensity level of stimulation that is necessary to evoke a reaction.
- Children with a low threshold need little stimulation; those with a high threshold need intense stimulation before they become upset over a situation.
Mood Quality
- Mood quality is the overall tone of a child's emotional state.
- A child who is always happy and laughing has a positive mood quality.
Categories of Temperament
- The Easy Child: predictable rhythmicity, approach and adapt to new situations readily, mild to moderate intensity of reaction, and an overall positive mood quality.
- The Intermediate Child: some characteristics of both easy and difficult groups are present.
- The Difficult Child: irregular in habits, negative mood quality, and withdraw rather than approach new situations.
- The Slow-to-Warm-Up Child: overall fairly inactive; respond only mildly and adapt slowly to new situations, and have a general negative mood.
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Description
Learn about the patterns of human development, including the predictable sequence of growth and the different rates of maturation in various body systems and tissues.
