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Questions and Answers
What determines the intensity level of stimulation needed to evoke a reaction in a child?
Which of the following is a characteristic of a child with a low threshold of response?
What determines a child's mood quality?
Which category of temperament is characterized by a negative mood quality and withdrawal from new situations?
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What percentage of children are rated as 'difficult' by their parents?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of the Slow-to-Warm-Up Child?
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At what age do boys tend to surpass girls in terms of height and weight?
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What determines a parent's enjoyment of a child?
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What is the pattern of development in terms of body systems?
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Which category of temperament is characterized by a predictable rhythmicity and a positive mood quality?
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Why do children with high intelligence tend to advance faster in skills?
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What is the meaning of the Greek word 'cephalo' in the context of development?
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What is temperament?
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At what age can an infant typically lift their head and chest off the bed?
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How do children with genetically transmitted diseases tend to grow?
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Why is it important for parents to understand that children are not all alike?
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What is the sequence of development in terms of body parts?
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What is the primary motor skill developed by 10 months of age?
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When do girls tend to surge ahead of boys in terms of height and weight?
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What is a child's reaction pattern made up of?
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What is the principle of development that parallels cephalocaudal development?
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How do boys and girls tend to compare in terms of height and weight at the end of puberty?
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At what age can an infant typically turn over?
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What is the primary motor skill developed by 5 months of age?
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Growth and development processes occur from which stage of life?
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What is the sequence of development of skills?
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What is the pattern of growth in terms of body parts?
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What is the predictable sequence of motor development?
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What is the age at which an infant doubles their birth weight?
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What is the percentage increase in height during the first year of life?
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What is the range of time for accomplishing a stage of development?
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What is the typical sequence of development in terms of body systems?
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What is the primary characteristic of infants with low adaptability?
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What is the definition of adaptability in infants?
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Which of the following children would have a high intensity of reaction?
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What is the primary characteristic of children with high distractibility?
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What is the primary difference between children with high and low attention span?
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Which of the following children would be described as stubborn or willful?
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What is the primary characteristic of infants who are easily managed?
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What is the primary difference between adaptability and distractibility?
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Study Notes
Principles of Growth and Development
- Growth and development are continuous processes from conception until death.
- All body systems do not develop at the same rate, with certain tissues maturing more rapidly than others.
- Development proceeds in an orderly sequence, with predictable stages at different rates.
Cephalocaudal Development
- Development proceeds from head to tail (downward).
- Motor development proceeds in a cephalocaudal order, from the head to the lower extremities.
- Examples:
- Newborn can lift only the head off the bed.
- By 2 mo, the infant can lift the head and chest off the bed.
- By 3 mo, the head, chest, and part of the abdomen.
- By 5 mo, the infant has enough control to turn over.
- By 9 mo, he or she can control the legs enough to crawl.
- By 1 yr, the child can stand upright and perhaps walk.
Proximal to Distal Development
- Development proceeds from the center of the body outward.
- Development of upper extremity development:
- Newborn makes little use of the arms or hands.
- By 3 or 4 mo, the infant has enough arm control to support the upper body weight on the forearms.
- By 10 mo, the infant can coordinate the arm and thumb and index fingers sufficiently well to use a pincerlike grasp.
Gross to Refined Skills
- Development proceeds from gross to refined skills.
- Example: Fine motor skills, such as using a pincerlike grasp, require control of distal body parts.
Intelligence and Health
- A child who inherits a genetically transmitted disease may not grow as rapidly or develop as fully as a healthy child.
- Children with high intelligence do not generally grow faster physically than other children, but they do tend to advance faster in skills.
Temperament
- Temperament is an inborn characteristic set at birth and is not developed by stages.
- It is an individual's characteristic manner of thinking, behaving, or reacting to stimuli in the environment.
- Understanding that children are not all alike will help parents deal with their children.
Reaction Patterns
- Each child's pattern is made up of a combination of individual elements, including adaptability, intensity of reaction, distractibility, attention span and persistence, threshold of response, and mood quality.
Adaptability
- Adaptability is the ability to change one's reaction to stimuli over time.
- Examples:
- Infants who are adaptable can change their first reaction to a situation without exhibiting extreme distress.
- Infants who cry for months whenever they are put into a bathtub or who cannot seem to accustom themselves to a new bed or new caregiver.
Intensity of Reaction
- Some children react to situations with their whole being, with intense symptoms of anger or have a mild or low-intensity reaction to stress.
Distractibility
- Children who are easily distracted or who can easily shift their attention to a new situation can be easily managed.
Attention Span and Persistence
- Attention span is the ability to remain interested in a project or activity.
- Persistence is the ability to keep trying to perform an activity even when failing.
Threshold of Response
- The threshold of response is the intensity level of stimulation that is necessary to evoke a reaction.
- Children with a low threshold need little stimulation; those with a high threshold need intense stimulation before they become upset over a situation.
Mood Quality
- Mood quality is the overall tone of a child's emotional state.
- A child who is always happy and laughing has a positive mood quality.
Categories of Temperament
- The Easy Child: predictable rhythmicity, approach and adapt to new situations readily, mild to moderate intensity of reaction, and an overall positive mood quality.
- The Intermediate Child: some characteristics of both easy and difficult groups are present.
- The Difficult Child: irregular in habits, negative mood quality, and withdraw rather than approach new situations.
- The Slow-to-Warm-Up Child: overall fairly inactive; respond only mildly and adapt slowly to new situations, and have a general negative mood.
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Description
Learn about the patterns of human development, including the predictable sequence of growth and the different rates of maturation in various body systems and tissues.
