Human Development Chapter 1: Introduction

The ability to recognize and apply unrelated or non-obvious phenomena to new or existing applications. This propels technology forward.

A systematic process used to understand how different factors affect an outcome. It involves designing experiments, collecting data, and analyzing results.

A way of measuring time that relies on the consistent flow of water through a container with a hole. The liquid level changes over time, indicating how much time has passed.

An ancient tool for measuring time using the position of the sun in the sky. As the sun moves, its shadow changes, indicating different hours.

A system used for keeping track of time, including the length of days, months, and years. It helps organize events and schedule activities.

Devices used for measuring time intervals shorter than a day with very high accuracy. They are typically used in labs and scientific settings.

A system of units based on the meter (m), kilogram (kg), and second (s).

A system of units based on the centimeter (cm), gram (g), and second (s).

A system of units based on the foot (ft), pound (lb), and second (s).

A conversion factor for mass that relates pounds (lb) to kilograms (kg).

A conversion factor for length that relates feet (ft) to meters (m).

A system for recording transactions using notched sticks, mainly used by illiterate people in medieval Europe.

The earliest written records of metrology come from Sumerian clay tablets dating back to 3000 BC.

A system based on 60 as its base, used by Sumerians, influencing time and angle measurements.

The study and science of measurement, encompassing both theoretical and practical aspects of measurement.

The practice of ensuring measurements are traceable to known standards, including documentation and accreditation to national and international standards.

The process of verifying and validating data collected by testing equipment, ensuring accuracy and repeatability.

A critical aspect of metrology, involving enforcing standards for consumer goods, industrial equipment, and safety procedures.

A form of unary numeral system where numbers are represented as vertical lines, with a horizontal line crossing the fifth line to indicate a group of five.

A method for identifying potential hazards in a process by systematically evaluating different scenarios and their consequences.

A structured approach to identify hazards and potential consequences by analyzing failures in components or systems.

A systematic method for analyzing potential hazards and their causes by constructing a diagram that represents the relationships between events and failures.

A systematic process of identifying, evaluating, and mitigating hazards in a process, focusing on deviations from intended operations.

The use of instruments and sensors to monitor and control process parameters, ensuring safe and efficient operation.

A set of detailed instructions outlining the correct and safe operation of a process or equipment.

A system of units used to measure quantities like weight, time, and distance.

The deliberate use of non-standard methods to keep a plant running, potentially introducing risks and hazards.

A non-governmental organization that develops and publishes international standards, often becoming legally enforced through treaties or national standards organizations.

A national organization responsible for establishing standards in the US, including scientific and commercial metrology.

A non-profit organization that creates and maintains over 12,000 public standards, initially focused on improving the quality of the rail system.

The process of developing and maintaining international standards.

A set of guidelines or rules that define the requirements and specifications for a product, process, or service.

The process of creating and maintaining standards for commercial and industrial purposes.

The process of creating and maintaining standards for scientific research and development.

A fundamental unit of length defined as the distance traveled by light in a vacuum in 1/299,792,458 seconds.

The fundamental unit of mass, originally defined as the mass of a specific platinum-iridium cylinder, now defined based on Planck's constant and other fundamental physical constants.

The fundamental unit of time, originally defined as a fraction of the Earth's rotation, now defined by the number of periods of radiation emitted by a specific cesium atom.

The change in the definition of a unit from a physical standard to a fundamental property, such as a constant or a natural phenomenon.

A standard unit of measurement that is independent of other units and can be applied to measure other quantities.

A system of international units that is based on seven fundamental units, including the meter, kilogram, and second.

The distance between the equator and the North Pole, originally used to define the meter.

The time it takes the Earth to complete one rotation, originally used to define the second.