Human Development: Antepartum and Organogenesis

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Questions and Answers

During the first trimester, which psychological change is most commonly observed in a pregnant mother?

Concern for fetal development

Ambivalence towards the pregnancy (correct)

Increased interest in sex

Development of a sense of well being

What is a primary psychological adjustment mothers may experience in the second trimester?

Fears about labor

Decreased mood swings (correct)

Ambivalence about the pregnancy

Increased financial anxiety

What emotional change may occur during the third trimester regarding self-image?

Feeling special and beautiful

Increased confidence in body image

Elation about pregnancy

Feeling awkward and unsexy (correct)

Which behavior is common in the second trimester as the mother begins to adjust to pregnancy?

Registered in childbirth classes Signup and view all the answers

How might a mother’s interest in sexuality change during the second trimester?

It may increase along with sexual fantasies Signup and view all the answers

What is commonly experienced by mothers as they reach the third trimester concerning their concerns about delivery?

Obsession about the delivery process Signup and view all the answers

During pregnancy, how might a father’s psychological adjustment manifest?

Significant fantasies about his future role Signup and view all the answers

What common physical change can impact a mother's mood swings during pregnancy?

Hormonal adjustments Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of passive immunity provided by the mother during the third trimester?

It temporarily protects the infant from certain diseases. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a presumptive sign of pregnancy?

Positive pregnancy test Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of performing an amniocentesis after the 14th week of pregnancy?

There is sufficient amniotic fluid for the procedure. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Non-Stress Test (NST) during pregnancy?

To evaluate fetal heart rate in response to fetal movement. Signup and view all the answers

Which sign indicates the presence of Goodell’s sign during pregnancy?

Softening of the cervix Signup and view all the answers

What does the Oxytocin Challenge Test (OCT) assess during pregnancy?

Fetal response to uterine contractions Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the changes in the reproductive system during pregnancy is true?

The uterus grows steadily to accommodate the fetus. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein test?

To identify fetal neural tube defects and Down syndrome. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of fetoscopy during pregnancy?

To visually examine the fetus and perform certain procedures. Signup and view all the answers

Which skin change can occur due to hormonal influences during pregnancy?

Striae Gravidarum Signup and view all the answers

What does the Breast Stimulation Test (BST) produce to aid in monitoring contractions?

Oxytocin release Signup and view all the answers

How does pregnancy typically affect the circulatory system in terms of blood volume?

It increases gradually. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a definitive sign of pregnancy?

Palpation of fetal outline Signup and view all the answers

What common skin condition during pregnancy is described as a brownish discoloration on the face?

Chloasma Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for cardiac output to increase during the first and second trimester of pregnancy?

To manage the increased blood volume Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT associated with the gastrointestinal changes during pregnancy?

Elevated stomach acid production Signup and view all the answers

What change occurs in the urinary system during pregnancy?

Increased urinary output Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended weight gain for a normal pregnancy?

24-30 pounds Signup and view all the answers

In the context of pregnancy psychological changes, what does 'ambivalence' refer to?

Simultaneous attraction and resistance towards the pregnancy Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone begins to be secreted by the anterior pituitary at birth to stimulate milk production?

Prolactin Signup and view all the answers

What is a common nursing implication for patients with increased susceptibility to pyelonephritis during pregnancy?

Frequent rest and leg elevation Signup and view all the answers

What hormonal change occurs near the end of pregnancy regarding the posterior pituitary?

Secretion of oxytocin to initiate labor Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a recommended dietary practice during pregnancy?

Small, frequent meals high in protein and iron Signup and view all the answers

What physical change in the skeletal system is associated with pregnancy?

Realignment of spinal curvatures Signup and view all the answers

What is organogenesis?

Development of organs from embryonic germ layers. Signup and view all the answers

Which structure forms from the embryoblast during the formation of the blastocyst?

Blastocoel Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the trophoblast in fetal development?

To secrete hormones necessary for implantation. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during gastrulation?

Development of the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Signup and view all the answers

At which week does the heartbeat typically become audible using a doppler instrument?

10th to 12th week Signup and view all the answers

What substance does the syncytiotrophoblast secrete during early pregnancy?

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) Signup and view all the answers

Which germ layer is responsible for developing into the nervous system?

Ectoderm Signup and view all the answers

What process describes the narrowing or closing of a lumen in the gastrointestinal tract?

Stenosis Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is formed from the fetal pancreas?

Insulin Signup and view all the answers

What role does the fetal liver play during gestation?

Acts as a filter between maternal and fetal blood. Signup and view all the answers

When does urine formation begin in the developing fetus?

12th week Signup and view all the answers

What is lanugo?

A soft downy hair covering the skin. Signup and view all the answers

Which vascular shunt allows blood to bypass the lungs in the fetus?

Ductus arteriosus Signup and view all the answers

At what gestational age can the ability to sense sound be developed in the fetus?

24 weeks Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Antepartum Period

Refers to the period before childbirth
Includes the time between conception and the start of labor
Sometimes skipped

Organogenesis

The development of organs in the body
Occurs during the first trimester
Begins in the ampulla of the fallopian tube
Sperm and egg merge their genetic material to form a zygote
The zygote undergoes multiple cell divisions, forming a morula, then a blastocyst
This eventually leads to the development of a blastocyst, where the cells differentiate into trophoblast and embryoblast
The trophoblast forms part of the placenta
The embryoblast differentiates into the epiblast and hypoblast, which further develop into the three germ layers

Cleavage

A series of rapid cell divisions after fertilization
Leads to the formation of a multicellular structure called a morula
Then morula develops into a blastocyst

Blastocyst Formation

The blastocyst consists of the embryoblast (pluripotent stem cells) and trophoblast
The further development divides into two layers; trophoblast and embryoblast
The embryoblast becomes more clustered, forming one side and leaving a cavity, the blastocoel
This structure is now the blastocyst

Week 1 Development

Fertilized egg becomes a morula (16-32 cells)
The morula is totipotent, meaning its cells can differentiate into any cell type
Cells start to arrange into a blastocyst with a fluid-filled cavity (blastocoel)
The embryoblast and trophoblast form
The blastocyst's cells are nourished by nutrients from the cytoplasm of the egg and uterine milk.

Week 2 Development

The embryoblast forms a bilaminar disk with an epiblast and hypoblast
The amniotic cavity forms
A yolk sac develops

Week 3 Development

Gastrulation begins, leading to the formation of three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm)
These layers develop into various tissues and organs of the body.

Organ Formation

Each germ layer differentiates into specific organs and tissues.
The ectoderm gives rise to the nervous system, epidermis, hair, and nails.
The mesoderm differentiates into the skeleton, muscles, connective tissues, heart, blood vessels, and kidneys.
The endoderm develops into the gastrointestinal tract, liver, and pancreas.

Later Development of Systems

Respiratory system: Development of alveoli, surfactant production, and spontaneous respiratory movements.
Endocrine system: Development of adrenal glands, pancreas, thyroid, and parathyroid glands.
Urinary system: Formation of urine and excretion into the amniotic fluid.
Integumentary system: Skin develops (including lanugo and vernix caseosa) and subq fat deposits
Other systems develop with increasing specificity

Fetal/Embryonic Structures

Chorionic villi develop to aid in nutrient and gas exchange.

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Description

Explore the critical phases of human development, focusing on the antepartum period, organogenesis, cleavage, and blastocyst formation. This quiz will test your knowledge on the early stages of development from conception to the formation of key structures in pregnancy. Understand the miracle of how life begins and grows before childbirth.