Human Development: Antepartum and Organogenesis
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Questions and Answers

During the first trimester, which psychological change is most commonly observed in a pregnant mother?

  • Concern for fetal development
  • Ambivalence towards the pregnancy (correct)
  • Increased interest in sex
  • Development of a sense of well being

What is a primary psychological adjustment mothers may experience in the second trimester?

  • Fears about labor
  • Decreased mood swings (correct)
  • Ambivalence about the pregnancy
  • Increased financial anxiety

What emotional change may occur during the third trimester regarding self-image?

  • Feeling special and beautiful
  • Increased confidence in body image
  • Elation about pregnancy
  • Feeling awkward and unsexy (correct)

Which behavior is common in the second trimester as the mother begins to adjust to pregnancy?

<p>Registered in childbirth classes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might a mother’s interest in sexuality change during the second trimester?

<p>It may increase along with sexual fantasies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is commonly experienced by mothers as they reach the third trimester concerning their concerns about delivery?

<p>Obsession about the delivery process (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During pregnancy, how might a father’s psychological adjustment manifest?

<p>Significant fantasies about his future role (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common physical change can impact a mother's mood swings during pregnancy?

<p>Hormonal adjustments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of passive immunity provided by the mother during the third trimester?

<p>It temporarily protects the infant from certain diseases. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a presumptive sign of pregnancy?

<p>Positive pregnancy test (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of performing an amniocentesis after the 14th week of pregnancy?

<p>There is sufficient amniotic fluid for the procedure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Non-Stress Test (NST) during pregnancy?

<p>To evaluate fetal heart rate in response to fetal movement. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sign indicates the presence of Goodell’s sign during pregnancy?

<p>Softening of the cervix (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Oxytocin Challenge Test (OCT) assess during pregnancy?

<p>Fetal response to uterine contractions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the changes in the reproductive system during pregnancy is true?

<p>The uterus grows steadily to accommodate the fetus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein test?

<p>To identify fetal neural tube defects and Down syndrome. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of fetoscopy during pregnancy?

<p>To visually examine the fetus and perform certain procedures. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which skin change can occur due to hormonal influences during pregnancy?

<p>Striae Gravidarum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Breast Stimulation Test (BST) produce to aid in monitoring contractions?

<p>Oxytocin release (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does pregnancy typically affect the circulatory system in terms of blood volume?

<p>It increases gradually. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a definitive sign of pregnancy?

<p>Palpation of fetal outline (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common skin condition during pregnancy is described as a brownish discoloration on the face?

<p>Chloasma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for cardiac output to increase during the first and second trimester of pregnancy?

<p>To manage the increased blood volume (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT associated with the gastrointestinal changes during pregnancy?

<p>Elevated stomach acid production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What change occurs in the urinary system during pregnancy?

<p>Increased urinary output (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended weight gain for a normal pregnancy?

<p>24-30 pounds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of pregnancy psychological changes, what does 'ambivalence' refer to?

<p>Simultaneous attraction and resistance towards the pregnancy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone begins to be secreted by the anterior pituitary at birth to stimulate milk production?

<p>Prolactin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common nursing implication for patients with increased susceptibility to pyelonephritis during pregnancy?

<p>Frequent rest and leg elevation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormonal change occurs near the end of pregnancy regarding the posterior pituitary?

<p>Secretion of oxytocin to initiate labor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a recommended dietary practice during pregnancy?

<p>Small, frequent meals high in protein and iron (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physical change in the skeletal system is associated with pregnancy?

<p>Realignment of spinal curvatures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is organogenesis?

<p>Development of organs from embryonic germ layers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure forms from the embryoblast during the formation of the blastocyst?

<p>Blastocoel (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the trophoblast in fetal development?

<p>To secrete hormones necessary for implantation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during gastrulation?

<p>Development of the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At which week does the heartbeat typically become audible using a doppler instrument?

<p>10th to 12th week (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What substance does the syncytiotrophoblast secrete during early pregnancy?

<p>Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which germ layer is responsible for developing into the nervous system?

<p>Ectoderm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process describes the narrowing or closing of a lumen in the gastrointestinal tract?

<p>Stenosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is formed from the fetal pancreas?

<p>Insulin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the fetal liver play during gestation?

<p>Acts as a filter between maternal and fetal blood. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When does urine formation begin in the developing fetus?

<p>12th week (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is lanugo?

<p>A soft downy hair covering the skin. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vascular shunt allows blood to bypass the lungs in the fetus?

<p>Ductus arteriosus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what gestational age can the ability to sense sound be developed in the fetus?

<p>24 weeks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Antepartum

The period of time between conception and the onset of labor.

Organogenesis

The process by which organs in the body develop from embryonic germ layers.

Cleavage

A series of rapid cell divisions that occur immediately after fertilization, leading to the formation of a multicellular structure.

Trophoblast

The outer layer of cells that surrounds the embryoblast in a blastocyst.

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Embryoblast

The inner layer of cells in a blastocyst that develops into the embryo.

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Blastocoel

A fluid-filled cavity within the blastocyst.

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Implantation

The stage of development when the blastocyst implants in the uterine wall.

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Hyaluronidase

An enzyme that breaks down hyaluronic acid, a component of the extracellular matrix.

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Collagenase

An enzyme that breaks down collagen fibers, a major component of connective tissue.

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Syncytiotrophoblast

The outer layer of the trophoblast that invades the endometrium during implantation.

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Cytotrophoblast

The inner layer of the trophoblast that helps form the chorion.

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Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

A hormone produced by the syncytiotrophoblast that maintains the corpus luteum.

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Gastrulation

The process of forming the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm).

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Ectoderm

The layer of cells that gives rise to the skin, nervous system, and related structures.

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Mesoderm

The layer of cells that gives rise to the skeleton, muscles, circulatory system, and other structures.

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Anemia in pregnancy

A decrease in hemoglobin below 10.5 g/dL and hematocrit below 30% in pregnant women.

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Blood flow changes in pregnancy

Increased blood flow compensates for the enlarged uterus's hypertrophied vascular system.

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Cardiac output in pregnancy

Cardiac output increases by about 30% during the first and second trimesters to accommodate the increased blood volume (hypervolemia).

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Blood pressure during pregnancy

Blood pressure usually remains the same in pregnancy but should be monitored regularly.

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Venous return in pregnancy

The return of blood to heart is sometimes hindered in the lower extremities during the last months of pregnancy.

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Body temperature alterations in pregnancy

A slight increase in body temperature during early pregnancy, returning to normal around the 16th week of gestation.

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Urinary system changes during pregnancy

Increased urinary output and decreased urine concentration due to hormonal changes and pressure on the bladder.

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Skeletal changes in pregnancy

The relaxation and increased mobility of pelvic joints during pregnancy allows stretching at the time of delivery.

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Gastrointestinal changes in pregnancy

The enlarging uterus displaces the stomach, intestines, and other organs, leading to slowed peristalsis and increased chances of nausea, heartburn, and constipation.

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Placental function in pregnancy

The placenta acts as a temporary endocrine gland during pregnancy, producing large amounts of estrogen and progesterone.

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Fetal Passive Immunity

Passive immunity acquired by a fetus from the mother during the third trimester, providing temporary protection against certain diseases.

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Presumptive Pregnancy

The period between the first missed menstrual period and the confirmation of pregnancy by a healthcare professional.

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Chadwick's Sign

A probable sign of pregnancy characterized by a blueish discoloration of the vulva, caused by increased blood flow.

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Goodell's Sign

A probable sign of pregnancy where the cervix softens due to increased blood flow and hormonal changes.

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Amniocentesis

A procedure involving the withdrawal of amniotic fluid using a needle inserted through the abdomen and uterine walls.

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Non-Stress Test (NST)

A prenatal test assessing the fetal heart rate's response to movement. A non-reactive NST indicates that the heart rate doesn't accelerate with fetal movement.

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Percutaneous Umbilical Blood Sampling (PUBS)

A procedure involving the withdrawal of blood from the umbilical vein using ultrasound guidance.

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Oxytocin Challenge Test (OCT)

A test evaluating the fetal response to uterine contractions, assessing heart rate during simulated labor.

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Contraction Stress Test (CST)

A test evaluating fetal well-being during naturally occurring contractions.

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Ultrasonography (UTZ)

The use of high-frequency sound waves to create images of the inside of the body, widely used for fetal health assessments during pregnancy.

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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A medical imaging technique using magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of the body, potentially used for fetal assessment.

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Linea Negra

A darkening of the line from the umbilicus to the pubic area, often extending to the sternum. This is a common skin change during pregnancy caused by hormonal changes.

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Striae Gravidarum

Stretch marks that appear on the skin due to the rapid expansion of the abdomen during pregnancy.

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Chloasma (Mask of Pregnancy)

Brownish hyperpigmentation of the skin over the face and forehead, common in pregnancy.

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Maternal Serum

The liquid component of blood, excluding cells, containing proteins, hormones, and other substances. It provides valuable information about the pregnant woman and the fetus.

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Ambivalence in Early Pregnancy

A mother may experience a mix of excitement and anxiety about the pregnancy, often fluctuating between wanting and not wanting the pregnancy. This can be influenced by factors like personal readiness, financial stability, or support system.

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Fantasizing in Early Pregnancy

During the first trimester, women might engage in imaginary scenarios about their pregnancy, picturing themselves as mothers, interacting with the baby, and preparing for their new role.

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Sense of Well-being in Second Trimester

As the pregnancy progresses, the mother's body adapts to the hormonal changes, leading to a sense of well-being and acceptance of her new physical state.

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Quickening in Second Trimester

The mother's increasing awareness of the baby's movements inside her, often described as a 'fluttering' sensation, marks a significant milestone in her pregnancy journey.

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Altered Self-Image in Third Trimester

The mother's feelings about her body can shift during the third trimester, as she undergoes significant physical changes. She may feel less attractive or confident due to her changing body shape.

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Fear in Third Trimester

The anticipation of labor and delivery can lead to a range of worries and concerns, from worries about the baby's health to concerns about the birthing process itself.

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Aggravation in Third Trimester

As the pregnancy progresses, the mother might feel frustrated or overwhelmed by limitations imposed by her growing size, unable to do things she normally could.

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Obsession with Delivery

In the final stages of pregnancy, mothers often become preoccupied with the impending delivery, constantly thinking about the process, preparation, and what to expect.

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Study Notes

Antepartum Period

  • Refers to the period before childbirth
  • Includes the time between conception and the start of labor
  • Sometimes skipped

Organogenesis

  • The development of organs in the body
  • Occurs during the first trimester
  • Begins in the ampulla of the fallopian tube
  • Sperm and egg merge their genetic material to form a zygote
  • The zygote undergoes multiple cell divisions, forming a morula, then a blastocyst
  • This eventually leads to the development of a blastocyst, where the cells differentiate into trophoblast and embryoblast
  • The trophoblast forms part of the placenta
  • The embryoblast differentiates into the epiblast and hypoblast, which further develop into the three germ layers

Cleavage

  • A series of rapid cell divisions after fertilization
  • Leads to the formation of a multicellular structure called a morula
  • Then morula develops into a blastocyst

Blastocyst Formation

  • The blastocyst consists of the embryoblast (pluripotent stem cells) and trophoblast
  • The further development divides into two layers; trophoblast and embryoblast
  • The embryoblast becomes more clustered, forming one side and leaving a cavity, the blastocoel
  • This structure is now the blastocyst

Week 1 Development

  • Fertilized egg becomes a morula (16-32 cells)
  • The morula is totipotent, meaning its cells can differentiate into any cell type
  • Cells start to arrange into a blastocyst with a fluid-filled cavity (blastocoel)
  • The embryoblast and trophoblast form
  • The blastocyst's cells are nourished by nutrients from the cytoplasm of the egg and uterine milk.

Week 2 Development

  • The embryoblast forms a bilaminar disk with an epiblast and hypoblast
  • The amniotic cavity forms
  • A yolk sac develops

Week 3 Development

  • Gastrulation begins, leading to the formation of three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm)
  • These layers develop into various tissues and organs of the body.

Organ Formation

  • Each germ layer differentiates into specific organs and tissues.
  • The ectoderm gives rise to the nervous system, epidermis, hair, and nails.
  • The mesoderm differentiates into the skeleton, muscles, connective tissues, heart, blood vessels, and kidneys.
  • The endoderm develops into the gastrointestinal tract, liver, and pancreas.

Later Development of Systems

  • Respiratory system: Development of alveoli, surfactant production, and spontaneous respiratory movements.
  • Endocrine system: Development of adrenal glands, pancreas, thyroid, and parathyroid glands.
  • Urinary system: Formation of urine and excretion into the amniotic fluid.
  • Integumentary system: Skin develops (including lanugo and vernix caseosa) and subq fat deposits
  • Other systems develop with increasing specificity

Fetal/Embryonic Structures

  • Chorionic villi develop to aid in nutrient and gas exchange.

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Description

Explore the critical phases of human development, focusing on the antepartum period, organogenesis, cleavage, and blastocyst formation. This quiz will test your knowledge on the early stages of development from conception to the formation of key structures in pregnancy. Understand the miracle of how life begins and grows before childbirth.

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