Podcast
Questions and Answers
What does human development primarily involve?
What does human development primarily involve?
Which type of development involves changes in body structure and function?
Which type of development involves changes in body structure and function?
How does personal development differ from physical development?
How does personal development differ from physical development?
What is the main characteristic of personal development?
What is the main characteristic of personal development?
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Which development involves adapting to emotional environments?
Which development involves adapting to emotional environments?
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What is the primary focus of cognitive development?
What is the primary focus of cognitive development?
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Which aspect of development involves changes in feelings, emotions, attitudes, beliefs, and values over time?
Which aspect of development involves changes in feelings, emotions, attitudes, beliefs, and values over time?
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What enables human development in all its spheres to take place?
What enables human development in all its spheres to take place?
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What principle states that people develop certain abilities before others, like children sitting before crawling or standing before walking?
What principle states that people develop certain abilities before others, like children sitting before crawling or standing before walking?
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Which part of the brain processes language and is responsible for other functions?
Which part of the brain processes language and is responsible for other functions?
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What is responsible for movement and coordination in human development?
What is responsible for movement and coordination in human development?
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What characterizes cognitive development in individuals?
What characterizes cognitive development in individuals?
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What is the right hemisphere responsible for?
What is the right hemisphere responsible for?
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According to Schunk (2009), what is learning?
According to Schunk (2009), what is learning?
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What does the cognitive perspective of learning focus on?
What does the cognitive perspective of learning focus on?
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Which perspective of learning emphasizes the change in behavior due to environmental factors?
Which perspective of learning emphasizes the change in behavior due to environmental factors?
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According to Zimba (2005), what brings about a relatively permanent change in thinking, feeling, and behaving?
According to Zimba (2005), what brings about a relatively permanent change in thinking, feeling, and behaving?
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What is brain plasticity concerned with?
What is brain plasticity concerned with?
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In the context of learning, what does the cognitive perspective emphasize?
In the context of learning, what does the cognitive perspective emphasize?
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What is a key aspect considered by the humanistic perspective of learning?
What is a key aspect considered by the humanistic perspective of learning?
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How does reinforcement affect the frequency of a behavior according to the text?
How does reinforcement affect the frequency of a behavior according to the text?
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What role do thoughts, beliefs, and feelings play according to the cognitive perspective of learning?
What role do thoughts, beliefs, and feelings play according to the cognitive perspective of learning?
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How does the social context influence learning according to the text?
How does the social context influence learning according to the text?
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What is a key difference between the cognitive and humanistic perspectives of learning based on the text?
What is a key difference between the cognitive and humanistic perspectives of learning based on the text?
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Study Notes
Brain Hemispheres and Brain Plasticity
- The right hemisphere is responsible for spatial-visual information and emotions
- Brain hemispheres work in a coordinated and collaborative way
- Brain plasticity refers to the adaptability of the brain to compensate for damaged areas
Definitions of Learning
- Learning is an enduring change in behavior or the capacity to behave in a given fashion, resulting from practice or experience (Schunk, 2009)
- Learning is a relatively permanent change in thinking, feeling, relating, interacting, and behaving that comes about due to experience, reflection, and action (Zimba, 2005)
- People learn to think, create, do things, live with others, mentor, and understand
Theories of Learning
Behavioural Perspective
- Learning is a change in the frequency and form of behavior that occurs as a function of changes in the environment
- The frequency of a behavior will increase if it is rewarded (reinforced)
- Explanations of learning do not take into account learners' thoughts, beliefs, and feelings
Cognitive Perspective
- Learning is an internal mental phenomenon inferred from what people do and say
- The thrust of learning is on the processing of learned information (acquisition, organization, storage, retrieval, and forgetting)
- Learning is influenced by thoughts, beliefs, and feelings learners have
Humanistic Perspective
- Learning is influenced by feelings, emotions, attitudes, interests, intentions, and expectations
- The social context and groups influence the manner in which human beings think, behave, learn, and relate to each other
- Learning takes place in social contexts and is partially a product of this context
Human Development
Definition
- Human development refers to relatively permanent changes in human beings that occur in an orderly way
- These changes enable human beings to make sense of and adapt to their physical, personal, and social environments in more organized, effective, and complex ways
Types of Development
Physical Development
- Changes in body structure and function over time
- Normally, this involves genetically programmed, naturally occurring changes over time
Personal Development
- Changes in personality that take place as one grows
- Changes involving becoming an extrovert or an introvert, developing sexual orientation, etc.
Social Development
- Changes over time in the ways we relate to others
- Learning to live with others, care, belong, cooperate, and be empathetic
Emotional Development
- Development of feelings, emotions, attitudes, beliefs, and values
Cognitive Development
- Gradual, orderly changes by which mental processes become more complex and sophisticated
- Learning to obey reason and logic, solve problems, enquire, explore, and create
General Principles of Development
- People develop at different rates
- Development is relatively orderly
- Development takes place gradually, not overnight
The Brain and Human Development
- The brain enables human development in all its spheres to take place
- Brain specialization: different parts of the brain are responsible for different functions
- Auditory, visual, and motor contexts are essential for language development, perceiving sights, and movement and coordination
- Lateralisation: the brain is divided into the left and right hemisphere, with the left hemisphere processing language, etc.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the definitions of human development and learning, including physical, personal, social, and cognitive development, as well as general principles and the role of the brain. Explore the meaning of development and how it enables individuals to adapt to their environments effectively.
