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Questions and Answers
Humans live in ______ and depend on them.
communities
In a ______ society there is kinship.
tribal
In the modern state, ______ is made by citizens.
law
Human being, by being attached to their mother, then to their ______, then to friends.
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Conservatism is the attempt to conserve the ______ that we have.
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Edmund Burke said “we must reform in order to ______”.
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According to Aristotle, ______ is distinctive of the human condition.
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The Enlightenment recognized humans fought for ______ and it was time for them to see reality.
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At this time modern ______ began to emerge in Britain and France
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According to the 1st idea, legitimacy depends on the consent of those who are ______
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In the medieval view, freedom is a ______
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Greek Stoics believed in two types of laws: man-made and ______ laws
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St. Thomas Aquinas saw natural laws as a standard to measure ______ in all human arrangements
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Richard Hooker's work is known as “______ of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity”
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According to Thomas Hobbes, life in the state of nature would be “______, POOR, NASTY, BRUTISH AND SHORT”
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Thomas Hobbes believed that individuals would make a contract to establish a ______ government
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Right ______, correct response and sensible emotion was the highest freedom.
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Freedom is not an escape from ______ but a call to obey them.
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Liberals and conservatives are united in their acceptance of ______ liberty as a political value.
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According to conservatives, a political order is legitimate not because of the ______ choices that create it.
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The question that divides liberals and conservatives is what comes ______? Liberty or Order.
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Conservatism began as a ______ within liberalism.
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The French Revolution was characterized by ______ individualism and a complete dismantling of the old order.
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Thomas Jefferson observed the French Revolution and concluded that there were universal rights, but the government should adapt to the ______ of society.
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According to Burke, the priority should be given to ______ rather than 'I'.
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When forms of social membership are taken away, it becomes ______ and powder of individuality.
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The market economy tends to ______.
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For Burke, tradition and customs are forms of ______ knowledge.
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Oakeshott is known for his ______ on rationalism in politics.
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Adam Smith was famous for “Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of the ______.”
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Economic values depend on the circulation of goods through ______ and labor.
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Thomas Paine is best known for his support of the ______ people against established authorities.
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The concept of the “invisible hand” says that collective solutions may be most effective when not ______.
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In France, Paine advocated for the principles of 'The Rights of ______ and of the Citizen'.
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Paine's work 'Rights of Man' was published in ______-1792.
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Smith thought that there should be laws protecting the social ______ of the workforce.
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Critics of Adam Smith argued that the market system produces ______ and destroy equilibrium.
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For Burke, real sovereignty is respect for what people respect like tradition, law, and ______ order.
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According to Adam Smith, economic progress is achieved through ______ and exchange.
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Conservative modern message emphasizes the importance of ______ liberty and not state control for success.
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Study Notes
Human Condition and Political Thinking
- Humans live in communities, and their social membership is a key aspect of the human condition
- Three forms of society:
- Tribal society: kinship
- Religious society: ritual and faith
- Political society: law, where law is made by citizens in the modern state
Conservatism and Individual Attachment
- Conservatism is an attempt to conserve the community that we have
- Edmund Burke: "we must reform in order to conserve" but only in matters that ensure survival
- Individual attachment: humans are attached to their mother, family, friends, customs, places, and networks, creating a sense of home
- Desire for family and community shapes conservatism
Competition and Cooperation
- Humans compete, and it is fundamental to nature, solving problems and causing them
- Kinship moderates competition by replacing "I" with "we", but also creates rivalries between families or tribes
- In the modern world, old forms of social membership ended in religious wars, and people sought reconciliation and a government under a rule of law
Prehistory of Supreme Thinking
- Aristotle emphasized reason as distinctive of the human condition, resolving conflicts and overcoming obstacles
- Modern conservatism began to emerge in Britain and France, fueling liberals (French revolutionaries)
- 1st idea: legitimacy depends on the consent of those who are subject; authority is given to the government by the people
Medieval Discussion
- Two issues:
- Relation between ecclesiastical and secular government
- Limits to government based on the law of nature
- Greek Stoics: two types of laws - man-made and natural (innate to our own reasoning powers)
- St. Thomas Aquinas saw natural laws as a standard to measure justice in all human arrangements
Emergence of Modern Conservatism
- Richard Hooker: "Of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity", British Conservatism - an attempt to justify a compromise between church and state
- Thomas Hobbes: "Leviathan" - commonwealth is composed of freely choosing individuals, motivated by beliefs and desires
- In the state of nature, individuals will compete for resources, and therefore, life would be "SOLITARY, POOR, NASTY, BRUTISH AND SHORT"
- Individuals make rational choices, agreeing to act for mutual benefits, and making a contract to establish a sovereign government
Liberals and Conservatives
- Liberals and conservatives are united in their acceptance of individual liberty as a political value
- They differ in their view of institutions: liberals see political order from individual liberty, while conservatives see liberty from political order
- Question that divides liberals and conservatives: what comes first, liberty or order?
Chapter 2: Conservatism and Liberalism
- Conservatism began as a hesitation within liberalism, initially not a philosophy
- 18th century: cause for sovereignty became popular, with the French and American revolutions
- However, there were conservative hesitations
- Differences between revolutions:
- American Revolution: influenced by conservative ways of thinking, keeping old rights
- French Revolution: romantic individualism, completely dismantling old order and creating a new one
Thomas Jefferson and Adam Smith
- Thomas Jefferson: observed the French revolution, concluding that there were universal rights, but government should adapt to the conditions of society, not be dictated by abstract ideas
- Adam Smith: defense of the market economy from philosophical principles, opposing the idea that a state's power depends on wealth
- Economic values depend on the circulation of goods through trade and labor, with labor as the foundation of economic development
- The market economy tends to equilibrium, with the "invisible hand" promoting outcomes that benefit all, without intending to do so
Edmund Burke and Michael Oakeshott
- Edmund Burke: priority of "We" not "I", emphasizing the importance of traditional community bound by "little platoons" under the same rule and sovereignty
- Michael Oakeshott: defended Hayek and Eliot, attacking rationalism in politics, emphasizing the importance of custom, free exchange, and prejudice over abstract reason
Thomas Paine and the Rights of Man
- Thomas Paine: advocated for the rights of ordinary citizens against established authorities, criticizing existing political systems that oppressed them
- "Rights of Man" (1791-1792) argued passionately for individual rights and criticized the existing political systems
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Description
Explore the human condition in the context of community and society, including the forms of tribal, religious, and political societies. This quiz also covers conservatism and individual attachment.
