Human Circulatory System Quiz
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Questions and Answers

The aortic valve is located at the base of the pulmonary artery.

False

The left atrium is larger than the right atrium.

True

The inferior vena cava carries deoxygenated blood from the upper half of the body.

False

Arteries are the blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The pulmonary vein is the only vein in the body that carries oxygenated blood.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The largest artery is the Aorta.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Veins carry oxygen-rich blood, with the exception of pulmonary veins.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels and have walls that are only one cell thick.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Red blood cells, also known as leukocytes, are responsible for oxygen transport in the blood.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

White blood cells produce chemicals called antibodies to fight infections.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lymphocytes are responsible for producing thrombokinase, which is crucial for blood clotting.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Plasma makes up about 90% water and contains blood cells and platelets suspended in it.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Granulocytes are specialized cells that create antibodies to fight infections.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Coronary circulation pertains to the flow of blood in the vessels that supply the brain.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fibrinogen is one of the plasma proteins responsible for the ability of blood to clot.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Biology 8 - Science and Health

  • This course focuses on competence, character, commitment, collaboration, and creativity through academic rigor, growth mindset, and grit.
  • The theme is Live 5C's (Competence, Character, Commitment to Achieve, Collaboration, Creativity).

Unit 2: Life Processes of Living Things - Circulatory System

  • The circulatory system transports materials throughout the entire body.
  • It delivers nutrients, water, and oxygen to billions of body cells.
  • It removes waste products like carbon dioxide from body cells.
  • This system functions as a vital network connecting body cells.

Components of the Circulatory System

  • Heart: A muscular pump
  • Blood: The transport fluid
  • Blood Vessels: Arteries, arterioles, veins, venules, and capillaries form a network.

Facts About the Heart

  • The heart is a muscle.
  • It moves approximately 2,000 gallons of blood daily.
  • It beats between 60 and 100 times a minute.

Gases Transported by Blood

  • Oxygen is essential for respiration.
  • The circulatory system transports oxygen to body cells.
  • The circulatory system carries carbon dioxide away from body cells.

Oxygen-Rich vs. Oxygen-Poor Blood

  • Oxygen-rich blood travels to body cells, high in oxygen, low in carbon dioxide.
  • Oxygen-poor blood travels away from body cells, low in oxygen, high in carbon dioxide.
  • The circulatory system prevents these types of blood from mixing.

Heart - The Pump Organ

  • The heart is the central organ of the circulatory system.
  • It pumps blood throughout the body.
  • It's roughly the size of a fist and weighs less than a pound.
  • It's located in the chest cavity, flanked by the lungs, resting on the diaphragm.
  • The top of the heart is called the base, and the bottom is the apex.

Heart Sides

  • The heart is divided into two sections.
  • The right side receives and pumps oxygen-poor blood.
  • The left side receives and pumps oxygen-rich blood.
  • A septum (wall) separates the two sides.

Heart Covering

  • Pericardium: The protective sac of connective tissue surrounding the heart.
  • Fluid between the visceral and parietal layers cushions the heart.
  • Visceral pericardium: The innermost layer, directly on the heart.
  • Parietal pericardium: Encloses the entire heart structure.

Heart Walls

  • Epicardium: The outermost layer, cushions the heart.
  • Myocardium: The middle layer, primarily cardiac muscle that drives contraction.
  • Endocardium: The innermost layer, smooth, and stretches with heart contractions.

Heart Chambers

  • Atria: Upper chambers receiving blood.
  • Left and Right atria.
  • Interatrial septum separates the two atria.
  • Ventricles: Lower chambers pumping blood.
  • Left and Right Ventricles.
  • Interventricular septum separates the two ventricles.
  • The function of the chambers are specific, receiving and propelling blood.

Right Atrium

  • Receives deoxygenated blood from the superior vena cava.
  • After, it pumps it into the right ventricle.

Right Ventricle

  • Receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium.
  • After, pumps it into the pulmonary artery.

Left Atrium

  • Receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins.
  • After, pumps it into the left ventricle.

Left Ventricle

  • Receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium.
  • After, pumps it into the aorta.

Heart Valves

  • Septum: Divides the right and left sides of heart.
  • The valves ensure blood flows unidirectionally.
  • Four Types of Valves: Two Atrioventricular (AV) valves - Tricuspid valve, Bicuspid valve.
  • Two Semilunar Valves: Pulmonic valve and Aortic valve.

Atrioventricular Valves

  • Valves between the atria and ventricles.
  • Bicuspid (mitral) valve on the left side; Tricuspid valve on the right side.
  • Open to allow blood to move from atria to ventricles; close during ventricular contraction.

Semilunar Valves

  • Located in arteries leaving the ventricles.
  • Pulmonic valve: At base of the pulmonary artery; Aortic valve: At base of the aorta.
  • Open when ventricles contract to let blood pass; close when the ventricles relax.

Heart Vessels

  • Vena Cava: Superior and Inferior.
  • Drains blood from the upper and lower body cavities respectively.
  • Pulmonary Artery: Carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
  • Pulmonary Vein: Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
  • Aorta: Carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body.

Blood Vessels: Arteries, Veins, Capillaries

  • Arteries: Carry blood away from the heart.
  • Veins: Carry blood towards the heart.
  • Capillaries: Connect arterioles to venules, exchange nutrients, oxygen, and wastes.

Arteries

  • Large vessels, carry blood from the heart to body tissues.
  • Oxygen-rich blood (except pulmonary arteries).
  • Thick walls to withstand pressure.
  • Largest artery: Aorta.

Veins

  • Walls contain connective tissue and smooth muscle.
  • Veins contain one-way valves, helping blood flow to the heart.
  • Largest vein: Vena Cava.
  • Venules collect blood from capillaries and drain into veins.

Capillaries

  • Smallest vessels, thin walls allowing passage of materials.
  • Essential for nutrient and gas exchange between blood and tissues (oxygen, nutrients, wastes).

Blood

  • Plasma: Straw-colored, 90% water, transports dissolved gases, nutrients, proteins, wastes.
  • Blood Cells: Red blood cells (erythrocytes), White blood cells (leukocytes), and Platelets (thrombocytes).
  • Plasma Proteins: Albumins, Globulins, Fibrinogen.

Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)

  • Most numerous blood cells.
  • Transport oxygen throughout the body.
  • Contain hemoglobin, binding to and carrying oxygen.
  • Disk-shaped cells, produced in bone marrow.

White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)

  • Larger than red blood cells, play a crucial role in the immune system.
  • Protect against infection, fight parasites, and attack bacteria.
  • Includes monocytes, lymphocytes (creating antibodies), and granulocytes (phagocytic).

Platelets (Thrombocytes)

  • Formed in bone marrow.
  • Help stop bleeding by forming blood clots.
  • Irregular shapes, stick together to form a plug at injury sites.

Plasma

  • The liquid part of blood, containing 90% water.
  • Substance containing dissolved salts, glucose, antibodies, urea, plasma proteins.
    • Transporting substances like fatty acids, hormones as well as vitamins.
    • Fibrinogen is the key protein that helps blood clot.

Blood Circulation

  • Coronary Circulation: Provides blood supply for the heart muscles.
  • Pulmonary Circulation: Carries blood between the heart and lungs, exchanging gases.
  • Systemic Circulation: Carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body's tissues, then carrying deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

Blood Pressure

  • The force of blood against the walls of the arteries.
  • Blood pressure categories: Normal, Elevated, High BP, Hypertensive Crisis.
  • Systolic pressure: When ventricles contract.
  • Diastolic pressure: Whichever measured when the ventricles relax.

Diseases of the Circulatory System

  • Blood Vessel Problems: Atherosclerosis, Coronary Artery Disease, Varicose Veins.

  • Heart Problems: Rheumatic Heart Disease, Congenital Heart Disease.

  • Blood Problems: Anemia, Leukemia, Hemophilia.

  • Blood Vessel Problems (more detail)*

  • Atherosclerosis: Narrowing of arteries due to plaque buildup.

  • Coronary Artery Disease: Atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries supplying heart muscle. Symptoms include shortness of breath, chest pain (angina), fatigue. Treatment includes medication and procedures like angioplasty and stents. Coronary artery bypass also possible.

  • Varicose Veins: Swollen, twisted veins, often in the legs, frequently hereditary, and increased pressure can be a cause. Treatment or prevention includes healthy lifestyles and sometimes surgery.

  • Heart Problems (more detail)*

  • Rheumatic Heart Disease: Inflammation of heart, often from strep throat, damaging heart valves.

  • Congenital Heart Disease: Heart defects present at birth. Caused by genetic abnormalities or maternal infection during pregnancy.

  • Blood Problems (more detail)*

  • Anemia: Lack of enough red blood cells (RBCs). Causes include too much bleeding, iron deficiency, or heredity. The symptoms include fatigue, shortness of breath, pale skin. Treatment includes a proper diet, healthy lifestyle, and sometimes medication.

  • Leukemia: Cancer of the white blood cells (WBCs). Causes include hereditary or exposure to radiation/carcinogenic substances. The symptoms vary; fever, bruising, abdominal pain, swelling in lymph nodes, spleen, and liver are common signs. Treatment often includes chemotherapy, bone marrow transplant, and/or surgery.

  • Hemophilia: Inherited bleeding disorder where blood lacks clotting factors. Treatment includes therapy to replace the missing clotting factors as needed.

  • Note: This is a highly detailed summary; some topics may not be present in all presentations. Also, it is possible to miss small details that may not be readily apparent.

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Test your knowledge of the human circulatory system with this quiz. Explore the functions and components of blood vessels, heart structure, and the role of various blood cells. Perfect for students studying biology or anatomy.

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