Human Circulation Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the pulmonary circuit?

  • Returns blood to the left side of the heart
  • Transports oxygenated blood to the body
  • Transports deoxygenated blood to the lungs (correct)
  • Supplies blood to the heart muscle

    • The systemic circuit brings oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart to the lungs.

    False

    What do the coronary arteries supply blood to?

    The muscle tissue of the heart

    The left and right coronary arteries originate at the base of the ascending ______.

    <p>aorta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following circuits with their primary functions:

    <p>Pulmonary Circuit = Transports deoxygenated blood to the lungs Systemic Circuit = Transports oxygenated blood to the body Coronary Circulation = Supplies blood to the heart muscle Coronary Arteries = Originate at the aortic sinuses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the base of the heart located?

    <p>At the 3rd costal cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The adult heart typically weighs between 250 to 350 grams.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three layers that make up the heart wall?

    <p>Epicardium, Myocardium, Endocardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The heart is surrounded by the __________ sac.

    <p>pericardial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the components of the heart with their descriptions:

    <p>Epicardium = Covers the heart and consists of mesothelium Myocardium = Cardiac muscle layer facilitating blood pumping Endocardium = Lines heart chambers and valves Coronary Sulcus = Depression between atria and ventricles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the myocardium?

    <p>To facilitate efficient pumping of blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The apex of the heart reaches the 4th intercostal space.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the pericardium?

    <p>To enclose and protect the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of artery is primarily responsible for distributing blood to skeletal muscles and internal organs?

    <p>Muscular arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The average diameter of capillaries is larger than that of arterioles.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name an example of an elastic artery.

    <p>Aorta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ are small arteries with a diameter of 30 µm or less.

    <p>arterioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature distinguishes fenestrated capillaries from other types?

    <p>Presence of pores for rapid exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of arteries with their characteristics:

    <p>Elastic arteries = Up to 2.5 cm diameter, contain more elastic fibers Muscular arteries = Medium sized, distribute blood to organs Arterioles = 30 µm or less, few smooth muscle layers Capillaries = 8 µm average diameter, endothelial layer only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Capillaries are located in all tissues including cartilage.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes arterioles to dilate in response to low oxygen levels?

    <p>Reduced oxygen levels cause dilation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of a blood vessel is responsible for changing the diameter of the blood vessel?

    <p>Tunica Media</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Veins transport blood away from the heart.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of capillaries?

    <p>Exchange of gases and nutrients between blood and tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The outermost layer of blood vessels is called the ______.

    <p>Tunica Externa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following blood vessel components with their characteristics:

    <p>Artery = Usually rounded with a thick wall Vein = Contains valves to prevent backflow Capillary = Site of nutrient and gas exchange Tunica Media = Thicker in arteries than in veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which node does a 100 msec delay occur during cardiac impulse transmission?

    <p>AV Node</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Atria contract before ventricles in the cardiac cycle.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main structural difference between arteries and veins?

    <p>Arteries have thicker walls and a rounded shape, whereas veins have thinner walls and may be flattened.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cells of the AV node transmit impulses ______ than those of the SA node.

    <p>slower</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily makes up the Tunica Media of a blood vessel?

    <p>Smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery supplies blood primarily to the left ventricle?

    <p>Anterior Interventricular Artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The SA node is responsible for setting the heart rate.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Great Cardiac Vein?

    <p>Drains blood from areas supplied by the anterior interventricular artery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ artery runs along the posterior interventricular sulcus.

    <p>Posterior Interventricular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cardiac veins empty directly into the right atrium?

    <p>Small Cardiac Vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following elements of the conducting system of the heart with their primary functions:

    <p>SA Node = Pacemaker of the heart AV Node = Relays impulses to ventricles Bundle of His = Conducts impulses from AV Node Purkinje Fibres = Distribute impulses throughout ventricles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The circumflex artery supplies blood to the right atrium.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parts of the heart receive blood from the right coronary artery?

    <p>Right atrium, portions of both ventricles, and conducting system (SA &amp; AV nodes).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ artery forms anastomoses with the posterior interventricular artery.

    <p>Anterior Interventricular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The membrane potential of the SA node drifts toward threshold after repolarization. What is this phenomenon called?

    <p>Pre-potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What separates the left atrium from the left ventricle?

    <p>Bicuspid/Mitral valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The right atrium collects oxygenated blood from the vena cavae.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure separates the upper chambers of the heart?

    <p>Interatrial septum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ valves prevent backflow of blood from the great vessels to the ventricles.

    <p>Semilunar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following chambers of the heart with their functions:

    <p>Right Atrium = Collects deoxygenated blood from the vena cavae Left Atrium = Collects oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins Right Ventricle = Pumps blood to the pulmonary trunk Left Ventricle = Pumps oxygenated blood to the body via the aorta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle ridges are found in the ventricles and help prevent suction?

    <p>Trabeculae carneae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The left ventricular wall is thicker than the right ventricular wall.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What valves separate the atria from the ventricles?

    <p>Atrioventricular valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ are tendons that attach the AV valves to the papillary muscles.

    <p>Chordae tendineae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vessel carries oxygenated blood to the body?

    <p>Aorta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The moderator band is a muscle structure that carries oxygenated blood.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the two types of Semilunar valves.

    <p>Pulmonary Semilunar valve and Aortic Semilunar valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the heart valves with their respective characteristics:

    <p>Tricuspid valve = Three leaflets Bicuspid/Mitral valve = Two leaflets Pulmonary Semilunar valve = Separates right ventricle from pulmonary trunk Aortic Semilunar valve = Separates left ventricle from ascending aorta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ collects blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the pulmonary trunk.

    <p>Right ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cardiovascular System

    • The cardiovascular system encompasses the heart and blood vessels. Its primary function is to circulate blood throughout the body.

    Heart Location

    • Situated near the anterior chest wall, posterior to the sternum.
    • The heart's base rests on the 3rd costal cartilage.
    • The heart's apex reaches the 5th intercostal space.
    • The heart is enclosed by a sac called the pericardium, positioned in the anterior mediastinum.

    Heart Dimensions and Weight

    • Approximately 12.5 cm from base to apex.
    • Adult heart weighs approximately 250-350 grams (8.8-12.3 ounces).

    Heart in Situ

    • The heart sits within the chest cavity, positioned between the lungs.
    • The heart sits in the center of the thoracic cavity, behind the sternum and between the lungs.
    • The heart's apex points towards the left of the body, while its base leans toward the right.

    Heart Position - Exterior Structures

    • Arteries to the head and arms.
    • Superior vena cava.
    • Aortic arch.
    • Pulmonary artery.
    • Left atrium.
    • Coronary artery.
    • Left ventricle.
    • Right atrium.
    • Right ventricle

    The Pericardium

    • Encloses the heart, forming a double-walled sac.
    • Consists of two layers: visceral pericardium (epicardium) and parietal pericardium.
    • The space between the two layers is filled with pericardial fluid.

    Pericardium and Heart Wall

    • The heart wall comprises three layers: epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium.
    • The epicardium is the outermost layer, also known as the visceral pericardium.
    • The myocardium is the middle layer, composed mainly of cardiac muscle tissue.
    • The endocardium is the innermost layer, lining the heart chambers.

    Epicardium

    • Covers the heart surface.
    • Formed of mesothelium and underlying, loose areolar connective tissue.
    • The outermost layer of the heart wall is the epicardium (visceral pericardium).
    • The visceral layer is composed of a single layer of squamous epithelial cells.

    Myocardium

    • Contains cardiac muscle tissue.
    • The myocardium is the middle layer of the heart wall.
    • It contains cardiac muscle cells, responsible for heart contraction.

    Endocardium

    • Lines the heart chambers and valves. This is the inner lining.
    • Composed of simple squamous epithelium and areolar tissue.
    • The endocardium forms a smooth lining, essential for the smooth flow of blood.

    Superficial Anatomy of the Heart (Anterior View)

    • Two auricles/atria (upper chambers).
    • Two ventricles (lower chambers).
    • Coronary sulcus (depression between atria and ventricles).
    • Anterior interventricular sulcus (depression between left and right ventricles).

    Sulci of the Heart

    • Sulci are grooves on the heart, separating different chambers.
    • These divisions create grooves on the heart, separating different chambers.
    • The sulci are the coronary sulcus and the interventricular sulci (anterior and posterior).

    Coronary Sulcus

    • Atrioventricular groove.
    • Runs around the heart, separating atria from ventricles.

    Interventricular Sulci

    • A groove separating ventricles.
    • Anterior interventricular sulcus separates the left and right ventricles on the anterior side.
    • Posterior interventricular sulcus separates the left and right ventricles on the posterior side.

    Great Vessels of the Heart

    • Aorta.
    • Superior vena cava.
    • Inferior vena cava.
    • Pulmonary trunk.
    • Pulmonary arteries.
    • Pulmonary veins.

    Chambers of the Heart

    • Heart divided into four chambers; two atria (upper) and two ventricles (lower).
    • These form the basis of the circulatory system.
    • Separated by interatrial and interventricular septa.
    • The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body.
    • The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs.

    Atria

    • Thin-walled chambers, with ear-like appendages called auricles.
    • They increase the chamber volume.
    • The right receives blood from the body.
    • The left receives blood from the lungs.

    Pectinate Muscles

    • Ridges of muscle tissue lining the atria.
    • Their wave-like arrangement aids in stronger atrial contractions.

    Ventricles

    • Thicker-walled chambers than atria.
    • The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs.
    • The left ventricle pumps blood to the body.
    • Trabeculae carneae are muscle ridges preventing suction.
    • Moderator band transmits impulses.

    Heart Valves

    • Prevent backflow of blood within the heart.
    • Atrioventricular valves (tricuspid and bicuspid/mitral) divide the heart into separate chambers.
    • This helps in blood movement.
    • Semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic) prevent backflow into the ventricles.

    Atrioventricular Valves

    • Tricuspid and bicuspid (mitral).
    • Anchor to ventricular walls by chordae tendineae and papillary muscles which stops backflow.

    Semilunar Valves

    • Aortic and pulmonary valves preventing backflow to the ventricles.
    • Each has three cusps.

    Pathway of Blood Through the Heart

    • Blood flows from superior and inferior vena cava to the right atrium.
    • Then through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle.
    • Through the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary artery, to the lungs.
    • Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium through the pulmonary vein.
    • Into the bicuspid valve to the left ventricle and through the aortic valve to the aorta.
    • Oxygenated blood travels throughout the body, completing the cycle.

    Coronary Circulation

    • Cardiovascular system's network of arteries and veins that supplies blood to the heart muscle.
    • Includes coronary arteries supplying oxygenated blood and coronary veins removing deoxygenated blood.
    • Arteries originate from the base of the ascending aorta.
    • Veins drain deoxygenated blood into the coronary sinus.
    • The coronary circulation supplies blood to the heart muscle itself.

    Cardiac Cycle

    • The rhythmic sequence of contraction and relaxation of the heart.
    • The phases are atrial systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation);
    • Then ventricular systole and diastole.

    Conducting System of the Heart

    • The heart's electrical system, initiating and distributing signals for coordinated contraction.
    • Includes the sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) node, and the bundle of His and its branches, and Purkinje fibers.
    • The SA node is the heart's pacemaker, generating the electrical impulses that initiate each heartbeat

    Blood Vessels

    • Arteries transport blood away from the heart.
    • Veins transport blood to the heart.
    • Capillaries facilitate the exchange of substances between blood and tissues.

    Types of Blood Vessels

    • Arteries
    • Veins
    • Capillaries

    Structure of Vessel Walls

    • Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa.
    • Tunica intima forms the innermost layer, composed of endothelium and underlying connective tissue.
    • Tunica media is the middle layer, consisting mostly of smooth muscle and elastic fibers.
    • Tunica externa (adventitia) is the outermost layer, composed of connective tissue.

    Types of Arteries

    • Elastic arteries (e.g., aorta, pulmonary trunk).
    • Muscular arteries (e.g., external carotid).
    • Arterioles.

    Capillaries

    • The smallest blood vessels, forming a network for nutrient and waste exchange, with diameters less than 0.01 mm
    • Three types of capillaries; continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoidal
    • Facilitating gas, nutrient, and waste exchange between blood and interstitial tissue.

    Venules and Venous System

    • Venules are a continuation from the capillaries and collect blood from them.
    • Veins progressively increase in size and return deoxygenated blood to the heart.
    • Medium-sized veins have valves preventing backflow.
    • Large veins have a thick tunica externa but thinner media.

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