Questions and Answers
What is the pulmonary circuit?
The pulmonary circuit carries blood to the lungs for gas exchange and then returns it to the heart.
What is the systemic circuit?
The systemic circuit supplies blood to the organs and tissue in the body.
What is the difference between parietal pericardium and visceral pericardium?
The parietal pericardium is a tough superficial fibrous layer, while the visceral pericardium is a serous membrane covering the heart.
Describe the three parts of the heart wall: epicardium, endocardium, myocardium.
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What are the functions of the fibrous skeleton of the heart?
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Describe the left and right atria.
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Describe the functions of the following valves: atrioventricular valve, tricuspid valve, mitral valve, semilunar valve, pulmonary valve, and aortic valve.
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What is coronary circulation?
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What do the left and right coronary arteries do?
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What is venous drainage?
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What is the cardiac conduction system?
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Describe the function of the following: SA node, AV node, bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers.
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What are slow calcium channels?
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In an Electrocardiogram, what happens during the P wave, QRS complex, and T wave?
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What is ventricular filling?
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What is the end-diastolic volume?
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What is isovolumetric contraction?
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What is ventricular ejection?
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What is isovolumetric relaxation?
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Define cardiac output.
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Study Notes
Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits
- The pulmonary circuit transports blood to the lungs for gas exchange and returns it to the heart.
- The systemic circuit delivers oxygenated blood to the body's organs and tissues.
Pericardium Layers
- Parietal pericardium: Tough fibrous layer providing structural support.
- Visceral pericardium: Serous membrane that directly covers the heart.
Heart Wall Structure
- Epicardium: Serous membrane covering the external surface of the heart.
- Endocardium: Smooth inner lining of the heart and blood vessels.
- Myocardium: Thick, muscular layer composed of cardiac muscle.
Fibrous Skeleton Functions
- Provides structural support and anchors cardiocytes.
- Offers electrical insulation between atria and ventricles.
- May aid in heart refilling after each beat due to elastic recoil.
Atria Description
- The left and right atria are the upper chambers of the heart that receive blood returning from the body and lungs, respectively.
Heart Valves Functions
- Atrioventricular valves regulate blood flow between atria and ventricles.
- Tricuspid valve: Three cusps, prevents backflow into the right atrium.
- Mitral valve: Two cusps, prevents backflow into the left atrium.
- Semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic) prevent backflow from arteries into ventricles.
Coronary Circulation
- A network of blood vessels that supply blood to the heart muscle itself.
Coronary Arteries
- Right and left coronary arteries are responsible for delivering oxygenated blood to the heart tissue.
Venous Drainage
- The pathway through which blood exits an organ, aiding in circulation.
Cardiac Conduction System
- Coordinates the heartbeat through pacemaker activity and conduction pathways in the myocardium.
Key Components of the Conduction System
- SA node: Pacemaker located in the right atrium that initiates heartbeats.
- AV node: Acts as an electrical gateway to the ventricles, located in the interatrial septum.
- Bundle of His: Conducts signals from the AV node to ventricles.
- Purkinje fibers: Transmit signals throughout the ventricular myocardium.
Slow Calcium Channels
- Voltage-gated channels that allow calcium ions to enter cells, playing a crucial role in cardiac muscle contraction.
Electrocardiogram (ECG) Waves
- P wave: Indicates atrial depolarization triggered by the SA node.
- QRS complex: Represents ventricular depolarization as the signal spreads through the myocardium.
- T wave: Reflects ventricular repolarization before diastole.
Cardiac Cycle Events
- Ventricular filling: Occurs when AV valves open, blood enters ventricles.
- End-diastolic volume: Volume of blood in a ventricle at the end of filling.
- Isovolumetric contraction: Ventricles contract with no volume change, atria relax.
- Ventricular ejection: Blood is expelled when ventricular pressure exceeds arterial pressure.
- Isovolumetric relaxation: Early diastole where ventricles expand following repolarization.
Cardiac Output
- The total volume of blood ejected by each ventricle per minute, variable based on the body's demand and activity levels.
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Description
This quiz focuses on Chapter 19 of the cardiovascular system, specifically the pulmonary and systemic circuits. Test your knowledge about how blood circulates between the heart, lungs, and the rest of the body. Perfect for reinforcing key concepts from your studies.