Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which type of lever system has the effort and load on the same side with a larger moment arm?
Which type of lever system has the effort and load on the same side with a larger moment arm?
What type of forces are associated with muscle tension during human movement?
What type of forces are associated with muscle tension during human movement?
Which classification of receptor codes for changes in the internal environment such as hunger and pain?
Which classification of receptor codes for changes in the internal environment such as hunger and pain?
In which type of injury does tissue tolerance degrade over time due to sustained low-force exposure?
In which type of injury does tissue tolerance degrade over time due to sustained low-force exposure?
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What is the primary function of a mechanoreceptor?
What is the primary function of a mechanoreceptor?
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What do free-body diagrams primarily quantify in relation to biomechanics?
What do free-body diagrams primarily quantify in relation to biomechanics?
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Which lever system example involves the load and effort on opposite sides of the fulcrum?
Which lever system example involves the load and effort on opposite sides of the fulcrum?
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Which of the following is an example of an external force acting against muscle-generated effort?
Which of the following is an example of an external force acting against muscle-generated effort?
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What is the primary function of the sinoatrial (SA) node in the heart?
What is the primary function of the sinoatrial (SA) node in the heart?
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Which blood flow pathway represents the pulmonary circuit?
Which blood flow pathway represents the pulmonary circuit?
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Which factor does NOT influence cardiac output?
Which factor does NOT influence cardiac output?
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Which of the following structures is responsible for transmitting electrical activation down the interventricular septum?
Which of the following structures is responsible for transmitting electrical activation down the interventricular septum?
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In the cardiac cycle, systole refers to which of the following?
In the cardiac cycle, systole refers to which of the following?
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What is the role of the Purkinje fibers in the conduction system of the heart?
What is the role of the Purkinje fibers in the conduction system of the heart?
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Which region of the pharynx serves as a passageway for air and also food/drink?
Which region of the pharynx serves as a passageway for air and also food/drink?
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What does stroke volume measure in the context of cardiac function?
What does stroke volume measure in the context of cardiac function?
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What is the primary role of muscle spindles in the muscular system?
What is the primary role of muscle spindles in the muscular system?
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Which type of mechanoreceptor is primarily associated with detecting pain and temperature?
Which type of mechanoreceptor is primarily associated with detecting pain and temperature?
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What defines a 'small motor unit' compared to a 'large motor unit'?
What defines a 'small motor unit' compared to a 'large motor unit'?
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What is the role of an agonist in muscle contraction?
What is the role of an agonist in muscle contraction?
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In the context of proprioception, what is the primary function of Golgi Tendon Organs?
In the context of proprioception, what is the primary function of Golgi Tendon Organs?
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What is the significance of somatosensory feedback in learning new motor skills?
What is the significance of somatosensory feedback in learning new motor skills?
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Which type of muscle contraction involves an agonist and antagonist working simultaneously?
Which type of muscle contraction involves an agonist and antagonist working simultaneously?
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What training method utilizes the inhibitory reflex from Golgi Tendon Organs for enhancing flexibility?
What training method utilizes the inhibitory reflex from Golgi Tendon Organs for enhancing flexibility?
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How does instability training contribute to injury prevention during exercise?
How does instability training contribute to injury prevention during exercise?
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Which structure is primarily responsible for sensory input regarding skin stretch?
Which structure is primarily responsible for sensory input regarding skin stretch?
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Study Notes
Human Cardiovascular System
- Human cardiovascular system is a dual system
- Left side: systemic circuit
- Right side: pulmonary circuit
Blood Flow
- Blood flows from superior and inferior vena cava
- To the right atrium
- Through the tricuspid valve
- To the right ventricle
- Through the pulmonary valve
- To the pulmonary arteries
- To the pulmonary veins
- To the left atrium
- Through the mitral valve
- To the left ventricle
- Through the aortic valve
- Finally into the aorta
Conduction System of the Heart
- Structure: Sinoatrial (SA) node, Atrioventricular (AV) node, Atrioventricular Bundle(s), Purkinje Fibers
- Function: SA node initiates heart electrical activation (pacemaker), AV node delays electrical activation allowing ventricles to fill, and Purkinje fibers facilitate ventricle contraction from bottom to top
- Pacemaker of the heart, which causes ~100ms delay allowing ventricles to fill with blood
Cardiac Output
- Cardiac output is a measurement of the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute.
- Calculating Cardiac output: Stroke Volume × Heart Rate
Major Factors Influencing Cardiac Output
- Factors influencing stroke volume include heart size, fitness level, gender, contractility, duration of contraction, preload (EDV), and afterload (resistance).
- Factors influencing heart rate include autonomic innervation, hormones, fitness level, and age.
Respiratory System
- The conducting zone is responsible for transporting air to the respiratory zone.
- The pharynx has three regions: nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
- The conducting zone includes the pharynx and tube that continues into the nasal cavities.
- The respiratory zone is where gas exchange occurs.
- Alveoli are grape-like sacs, which are attached to the alveolar ducts.
Biomechanics Principles
- Biomechanics applies mechanical principles to living systems.
- Mechanics studies the interaction between objects.
- Position: linear and 3D, orientation-angular and 3D
- Newton's Laws: first law states objects remain at rest or constant motion unless a force acts, second law states the change in motion is proportional to the force and third law states for every action there’s an equal opposite reaction
Definition of Force and Torque
- Force causes an object to change velocity
- Torque causes an object to rotate (force x moment arm).
Lever Systems
- First-class levers: effort and load on opposite sides of the joint, examples include neck flexion/extension.
- Second-class levers: effort and load on the same side of the joint, examples include ankle plantarflexion/dorsiflexion.
- Third-class levers: effort and load on the same side of the joint, effort force has a smaller moment arm, example includes elbow flexion.
Forces Related to Human Movement
- Internal forces are the effort (muscle tension, pressure, tendon/ligament tension).
- External forces are resistance (gravitational force, friction etc).
Injury Classifications
- Acute injuries result from a single force exceeding tissue tolerance
- Chronic injuries result from sustained low-force exposures over time, degrading tissue tolerance
Control of Human Movement
- Classifications: exteroceptors, interoceptors, proprioceptors, chemoreceptors, osmoreceptors
- Exteroceptors receive external stimuli like vision, hearing, smell, and taste.
- Interoceptors receive internal stimuli like hunger, pain, and pressure
- Proprioceptors give information about body position and movement
- Chemoreceptors detect chemical changes, (e.g. taste, smell)
- Osmoreceptors detect changes in solute concentration
Mechanoreceptors
- These receptors respond to physical stimuli (e.g. touch, pressure, vibration, and temperature).
Table of Mechanoreceptors
- The table includes receptors names (e.g. Free Nerve Endings, Merkel's Discs, Ruffini's Corpuscle), their locations (e.g. skin), and stimuli they respond to (e.g. pain, vibration).
Primary Motor Cortex and Motor Units
- Primary motor cortex is in the parietal lobe.
- Motor Unit: # of muscle fibers per motor neuron
- Large motor units have decreased control, found in back muscles
- Small motor units have increased control, found in face and hands
Roles of Muscle Contraction
- Agonist (prime mover): generates most force
- Antagonist (larger): opposes the action of agonist
- Synergist (small): assists the agonists
- Fixator: stabilizes the joints
Relevance to Fitness
- Cuing Movement: information from somatosensory system, learning a new skill, PNF stretching.
- Plyometrics: ballistic movements, rapid muscle stretch, activate excitatory stretch reflex and increased muscle force
- Instability training: increased activation of synergist/fixator muscles, decreased injury
Approaches to Avoid Plateaus
- Exercise type (switching from open chain to closed chain exercises)
- Eccentric focus (eccentric contractions to increase hypertrophy)
- Pyramids (beginners warm up, heavy load, and medium reps)
Functional Anatomy
- Functional anatomy focuses on musculoskeletal significance within a movement setting.
- Active ROM (person performs movement) vs Passive ROM (someone performs the movement). Classification of end feel and limiter (bony, capsular, approximation and abnormal)
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Description
Explore the intricate workings of the human cardiovascular system in this quiz. Delve into blood flow, heart structure, and electrical conduction, as well as understand the importance of cardiac output. Perfect for students studying human biology or health sciences.
