Human Body Systems

Body systems:
- Integumentary system: skin, hair, nails, and associated glands
- Musculoskeletal system: bones, muscles, and tendons
- Nervous system: brain, spinal cord, and nerves
- Circulatory system: heart, blood vessels, and blood
- Respiratory system: lungs, trachea, bronchi, and diaphragm
- Digestive system: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
- Endocrine system: glands that produce hormones (e.g., thyroid, adrenal, pancreas)
- Urinary system: kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
- Reproductive system: male and female genital organs
Body cavities:
- Cranial cavity: contains the brain
- Thoracic cavity: contains the heart and lungs
- Abdominal cavity: contains the digestive organs
- Pelvic cavity: contains the reproductive organs
Directional terms:
- Superior: above
- Inferior: below
- Anterior: front
- Posterior: back
- Medial: towards the midline
- Lateral: away from the midline
- Proximal: near the point of attachment
- Distal: far from the point of attachment

Prefixes:
- Endo-: within
- Exo-: outside
- Hypo-: under
- Hyper-: above
- Anti-: against
- Post-: after
- Pre-: before
Suffixes:
- -itis: inflammation
- -oma: tumor
- -osis: condition or disease
- -algia: pain
- -ectomy: surgical removal
Roots:
- Cardi-: heart
- Neuro-: nerve
- Gastr-: stomach
- Pulmon-: lung
- Hepat-: liver
Common medical terms:
- Diagnosis: identification of a disease or condition
- Prognosis: prediction of the outcome of a disease or condition
- Symptom: subjective experience of a disease or condition
- Sign: objective evidence of a disease or condition

Drug categories:
- Analgesics: pain relief
- Antibiotics: bacterial infection treatment
- Antihistamines: allergy treatment
- Antihypertensives: high blood pressure treatment
- Anti-inflammatory: inflammation reduction
Medication administration:
- Oral: by mouth
- Topical: applied to the skin
- Parenteral: injected or infused
- Inhalation: breathed in
Medication effects:
- Side effects: unintended effects of a medication
- Adverse effects: harmful effects of a medication
- Contraindications: reasons not to use a medication
- Interactions: effects of combining medications

Patient communication:
- Confidentiality: maintaining patient privacy
- Informed consent: patient agreement to treatment
- Patient education: teaching patients about their condition and care
Medical records:
- Electronic health records (EHRs): digital storage of patient information
- Paper records: physical storage of patient information
- HIPAA: Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
Office procedures:
- Scheduling: booking patient appointments
- Billing and coding: assigning codes for insurance reimbursement
- Inventory management: maintaining supplies and equipment

Vital signs:
- Temperature: body temperature
- Pulse: heart rate
- Blood pressure: force of blood against artery walls
- Respiration: breathing rate
- Oxygen saturation: oxygen levels in the blood
Diagnostic tests:
- Blood tests: laboratory analysis of blood samples
- Urine tests: laboratory analysis of urine samples
- Imaging studies: X-rays, CT scans, MRI, and ultrasound
Medical equipment:
- Stethoscope: listening to heart and lung sounds
- Blood pressure cuff: measuring blood pressure
- Thermometer: measuring body temperature
- Pulse oximeter: measuring oxygen saturation

Human body organized into 11 systems that work together to maintain homeostasis:
- Integumentary system protects the body from external damage and regulates body temperature
- Musculoskeletal system provides support, movement, and protection
- Nervous system controls and coordinates body functions
- Circulatory system transports oxygen and nutrients to cells and removes waste products
- Respiratory system brings oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide
- Digestive system breaks down food into nutrients
- Endocrine system produces hormones that regulate various bodily functions
- Urinary system filters waste and excess fluids from the blood
- Reproductive system produces sex cells and supports the development of a fetus
Body cavities provide space and protection for internal organs:
- Cranial cavity contains the brain
- Thoracic cavity contains the heart and lungs
- Abdominal cavity contains the digestive organs
- Pelvic cavity contains the reproductive organs
Directional terms used to describe the location of body structures:
- Superior: above
- Inferior: below
- Anterior: front
- Posterior: back
- Medial: towards the midline
- Lateral: away from the midline
- Proximal: near the point of attachment
- Distal: far from the point of attachment

Prefixes modify root words to indicate location, direction, or intensity:
- Endo- means within
- Exo- means outside
- Hypo- means under
- Hyper- means above
Suffixes indicate the type of condition or procedure:
- -itis means inflammation
- -oma means tumor
- -osis means condition or disease
- -algia means pain
- -ectomy means surgical removal
Roots provide the core meaning of a medical term:
- Cardi- means heart
- Neuro- means nerve
- Gastr- means stomach
- Pulmon- means lung
- Hepat- means liver
Common medical terms used in healthcare:
- Diagnosis: identification of a disease or condition
- Prognosis: prediction of the outcome of a disease or condition
- Symptom: subjective experience of a disease or condition
- Sign: objective evidence of a disease or condition

Drug categories based on their therapeutic effects:
- Analgesics relieve pain
- Antibiotics treat bacterial infections
- Antihistamines treat allergies
- Antihypertensives lower blood pressure
- Anti-inflammatory reduce inflammation
Medication administration routes:
- Oral: taken by mouth
- Topical: applied to the skin
- Parenteral: injected or infused
- Inhalation: breathed in
Medication effects:
- Side effects: unintended effects of a medication
- Adverse effects: harmful effects of a medication
- Contraindications: reasons not to use a medication
- Interactions: effects of combining medications

Patient communication essential for effective care:
- Confidentiality: maintaining patient privacy
- Informed consent: patient agreement to treatment
- Patient education: teaching patients about their condition and care
Medical records document patient information:
- Electronic health records (EHRs): digital storage of patient information
- Paper records: physical storage of patient information
- HIPAA: Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act regulates patient data
Office procedures ensure efficient operation:
- Scheduling: booking patient appointments
- Billing and coding: assigning codes for insurance reimbursement
- Inventory management: maintaining supplies and equipment

Vital signs measured to assess patient health:
- Temperature: body temperature
- Pulse: heart rate
- Blood pressure: force of blood against artery walls
- Respiration: breathing rate
- Oxygen saturation: oxygen levels in the blood
Diagnostic tests help diagnose and monitor conditions:
- Blood tests: laboratory analysis of blood samples
- Urine tests: laboratory analysis of urine samples
- Imaging studies: X-rays, CT scans, MRI, and ultrasound
Medical equipment used in patient care:
- Stethoscope: listening to heart and lung sounds
- Blood pressure cuff: measuring blood pressure
- Thermometer: measuring body temperature
- Pulse oximeter: measuring oxygen saturation