Human Body Systems and Health - Unit Four

A hydrocarbon with a triple bond between two carbon atoms.

The general formula for alkanes is CnH2n+2, where 'n' represents the number of carbon atoms. In alkanes, all carbon atoms are linked by single bonds.

The general formula for alkenes is CnH2n, where 'n' represents the number of carbon atoms. In alkenes, at least one carbon atom is linked by a double bond.

The general formula for alkynes is CnH2n-2, where 'n' represents the number of carbon atoms. In alkynes, at least one carbon atom is linked by a triple bond.

The naming of organic compounds, where the prefix indicates the number of carbon atoms in the chain, followed by the suffix indicating the functional group.

Ethane (C2H6) is an alkane with two carbon atoms. Ethene (C2H4) is an alkene with two carbon atoms, and ethyne (C2H2) is an alkyne with two carbon atoms.

Propane (C3H8) is an alkane with three carbon atoms. Propene (C3H6) is an alkene with three carbon atoms, and propyne (C3H4) is an alkyne with three carbon atoms.

Butane (C4H10) is an alkane with four carbon atoms, Butene (C4H8) is an alkene with four carbon atoms, and Butyne (C4H6) is an alkyne with four carbon atoms.

A binary compound containing only a non-metal and oxygen.

Oxides that react with water to form acids. Examples include SO2, CO2, and NO2.

Oxides that react with water to form a base (alkaline). Examples include Na2O, CaO, and MgO.

Acidic oxides react with water to form an acid.

Basic oxides react with water to form a base (alkaline).

A common method for preparing oxides is by direct combination of elements with oxygen.

The compound formed by removing water from an acid.

The compound formed by removing water from a base.

Bases are generally bitter in taste, feel slippery to touch, and can turn red litmus paper blue.

Bases in water solutions typically contain hydroxide ions (OH-) which are released when bases dissolve in water.

Neutralization reaction is a chemical process where an acid and a base react to form salt and water. It is a crucial process in many applications.

Baking powder helps bread rise due to a neutralization reaction that releases carbon dioxide. Conditioners neutralize the effects of shampoo, preventing hair damage. Toothpaste contains bases that neutralize acids produced by bacteria in the mouth.

Antacids like milk of magnesia contain bases that neutralize excess acid in the stomach, relieving heartburn.

Formic acid in ant stings is neutralized by baking soda, while wasp stings are alkaline and can be neutralized by vinegar.

Excess fertilizer use can acidify soil, requiring treatment with powdered lime, limestone, or wood ash to neutralize the acidity. Basic soil is neutralized with organic matter, which releases acidic gas during decomposition.

A salt is an ionic compound formed during a neutralization reaction between an acid and a base. Examples include table salt (NaCl), baking soda (NaHCO3), and Epsom salt (MgSO4).

A reaction where an acid and a carbonate (like sodium carbonate) react to form a salt, water, and carbon dioxide gas. The carbon dioxide gas produced can be identified by its ability to turn limewater (calcium hydroxide solution) cloudy.

A reaction in which an acid and a hydrogen carbonate (like sodium bicarbonate) react to form a salt, water, and carbon dioxide gas. The carbon dioxide gas produced can be identified by its ability to turn limewater (calcium hydroxide solution) cloudy.

When an acid reacts with a base, they neutralize each other, resulting in the formation of a salt and water. The reaction is exothermic, meaning it releases heat.

A chemical substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water. Acids are typically sour in taste and can react with metals to produce hydrogen gas.

A chemical substance that releases hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water. Bases are typically bitter in taste and feel slippery to the touch.

A compound formed from a reaction between an acid and a base. Salts are typically ionic compounds, meaning they consist of positively and negatively charged ions.

The process of determining the concentration of an unknown solution by reacting it with a solution of known concentration (the titrant). This is often used in chemical analysis to measure the amount of a specific substance present.

A chemical reaction where reactants exchange ions to form new products. These reactions usually occur in solutions and can be used to produce salts, water, and other compounds.

The process of taking food and liquids into the mouth for digestion.

The breakdown of food into smaller particles, starting in the mouth and ending in the small intestine.

The physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces, often through chewing and churning in the stomach.

The chemical breakdown of food molecules using enzymes, starting in the mouth and continuing in the stomach and small intestine.

The process where digested nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream from the small intestine.

The process of using absorbed nutrients to build and repair body tissues.

The process of eliminating waste products from the body through the anus.

A muscular tube that connects the pharynx (throat) to the stomach.

The name of a salt is formed by combining the name of the cation (positive ion) followed by the name of the anion (negative ion).

Polyatomic ions are groups of atoms that carry an overall charge. When naming salts with polyatomic ions, the cation is named first followed by the name of the polyatomic ion.

Polyatomic anions ending in '-ate' include NO3- (nitrate), PO43- (phosphate), CO32- (carbonate), and SO42- (sulphate).

Polyatomic anions ending in '-ite' include NO2- (nitrite) and SO32- (sulphite).

Polyatomic anions with hydrogen attached use the prefix 'hydrogen' (or 'bi'): e.g., HCO3- (hydrogen carbonate or bicarbonate), HSO4- (hydrogen sulfate), and HPO4- (hydrogen phosphate).

Na2SO4 is the formula for Sodium Sulphate.

CaSO4 is the formula for Calcium Sulphate.