Human Body Physiology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a specialized tissue group in vertebrate animals?

Cardiovascular system

Respiratory system

Integumentary system (correct)

Gastrointestinal system

What is the most basic level of organization in the human body?

Organ

Tissue

Cell

Chemical (correct)

What is an atom defined as?

Two or more atoms joined together

A chemical compound composed of different elements

The smallest part characteristic of a chemical element (correct)

A chemical substance that can be separated into smaller pieces

Which of these is an example of an inorganic compound found in the human body?

Water (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the human body?

Storage of energy and fuel molecules (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of lipid is a major component of stored energy?

Triglycerides (A) Signup and view all the answers

What role do some proteins play in the body?

Regulate chemical reactions as enzymes (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a major electrolyte in physiology?

Glucose (A) Signup and view all the answers

A solution labeled as 5% NaCl, contains how many grams of NaCl per 100 ml of solution?

5 grams (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is classified as a steroid?

Male and female sex hormones (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does 'isotonic' mean in the context of solutions?

A solution containing equal amount of solutes as body fluids. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents the highest level of organization in the human body?

The Organism (B) Signup and view all the answers

If the molecular weight of NaCl is 58.5 g/mol, what is the mass of 1 millimole (mmol) of NaCl?

58.5 mg (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary fluid environment inside cells called?

Intracellular fluid (ICF) (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of nucleic acids?

Providing structural support to cells (D) Signup and view all the answers

How many equivalents (Eq) are in one mole of Ca2+?

2 Eq (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between body fat and total body water?

Inverse; as body fat increases, total body water decreases. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the total body water is classified as extracellular fluid (ECF)?

20% (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the fundamental unit of the human body?

Cell (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the equivalent weight of calcium (Ca2+), given that its molecular weight is approximately 40 g/mol?

20 g/Eq (D) Signup and view all the answers

If a solution contains 1 mEq of Na+, how much Na+ is present, knowing that the molecular weight of Na is approximately 23 g/mol?

23 mg (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which a cell becomes specialized for a specific function?

Cell differentiation (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a subcompartment of extracellular fluid (ECF)?

Intracellular ﬂuid (A) Signup and view all the answers

What makes up the largest proportion of the adult body by weight?

Water (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a major category of cell types, based on broad function?

Blood cells (B) Signup and view all the answers

What do differentiated cells with similar properties aggregate to form?

Tissues (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which fluid compartment is considered the 'internal sea'?

Extracellular fluid (ECF) (C) Signup and view all the answers

Plasma makes up approximately what percentage of total body weight?

5% (D) Signup and view all the answers

How many broad categories of differentiated cells are there?

4 (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a major type of tissue in the body?

Nervous tissue (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these shows the correct order of complexity in the organization of the human body, from least to most complex?

Chemical level, cell, tissue, organ, system, organism (A) Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the adult human body is made up of fluid?

60% (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the location of interstitial fluid?

Between or around the cells (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of edema, as discussed in the text?

Decreased removal by lymph system and increased leak from blood plasma (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary first step in treating edema?

Reversing the underlying disorder (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate percentage of extracellular fluid in the body?

20% (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the options is considered an extracellular fluid?

Plasma (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key function of the extracellular fluid?

To maintain a constant internal environment for cells (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is present in a higher concentration in extracellular fluid?

Sodium (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a negative feedback loop?

To maintain a system at a set point. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT typically controlled by a negative feedback loop in the human body?

Child birth contractions (B) Signup and view all the answers

Where are the pressure receptors that monitor blood pressure primarily located?

In the aorta and carotid arteries (D) Signup and view all the answers

What part of the brain acts as the control center for blood pressure regulation?

The medulla oblongata (C) Signup and view all the answers

If blood pressure is too high, what would be the immediate response of the heart, according to the homeostatic negative feedback loop?

Decrease the force and rate of contractions (B) Signup and view all the answers

In a negative feedback loop, how does the response relate to the initial stimulus?

The response is opposite to the initial stimulus (D) Signup and view all the answers

What happens if there is a difference between the current blood pressure value and the reference blood pressure value?

The control center recognises an error needing to be fixed. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the control center in homeostasis?

To compare the incoming information with the set point. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Introduction to Human Physiology

Professor Mitat KOZ is the instructor
Room: SBF132
Email: [email protected]
Course Title: Introduction to Human Physiology
Course Code: HLTS103

What is Physiology?

Physiology is the study of how living organisms function
It examines how the human body works
Physiology is the study of life
Physiologists investigate the function and integration of organisms, organ systems, organs, cells, and biomolecules within a living system.

Course Schedule

Dates and corresponding content covered in the course
Includes introduction to general principles in medical physiology, cellular physiology, cell membranes, blood physiology, immunity, peripheral nerve, skeletal muscle, cardiovascular, pulmonary physiology etc
Covers topics like midterm exam weeks, and exam dates

Recommended Resources

Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology, McGraw-Hill
Guyton, Arthur C. Textbook of medical physiology, Elsevier Inc.
Vander's Human Physiology: The Mechanisms Of Body Function, McGraw-Hill
Koz M., Gelir E., Ersöz G. Fizyoloji Ders Kitabı. Nobel Yayıncılık

Evaluation

Evaluation is 50% midterm exam grade + 50% final exam grade

Physiology is directly associated with biology, chemistry, physics and mathematics

The Body Organized as "Solutions"

Cells in the body exist within an extracellular fluid (ECF).
ECF contains necessary materials for cell survival (e.g., O2 and nutrients).
The ECF's composition is similar to seawater.
Inside the cells is intracellular fluid (ICF).

Water, Electrolytes, & Acid/Base

Water (H2O) is an ideal solvent for physiological reactions
It interacts with other H2O molecules via hydrogen bonds.
It works as an excellent biological fluid and solute
Electrolytes are important in body fluids
Electrolytes in water play a significant role in health

Units for Measuring Concentration of Solutes

Concentrations of solutes can be expressed in different ways (moles, equivalents, osmoles).
The number of molecules, electrical charges, and particles per unit volume can be more meaningful.
Physiologic concentrations are often expressed in moles, equivalents, or osmoles.
% concentration is used to express the amount of solute in the solvent (grams/100ml)

Physiological Saline or Serum Physiologic

A sterile sodium chloride solution is considered isotonic.
Isotonic solutions have equal solute concentration to body fluids.
These solutions are used as solvents for parenterally administered drugs

Moles

A mole is the gram molecular weight of a substance (g/mol).
Millimoles (mmol) represent 1/1000 of a mole.
The molecular weight of NaCl is 58.5 g

Equivalents

An equivalent is 1 mol of an ionized substance divided by its valence.
The general number of equivalents formula is E = MW/charge number.

pH & Buffering

Maintaining stable hydrogen ion concentration (H+) is crucial for life.
pH measures the concentration of H+
The pH of pure water at 25°C is 7.0.
The normal pH range of blood plasma is 7.35-7.45 (slightly alkaline)

pH & Buffering (molecules)

H+ donors are acids and H+ acceptors are bases.
Strong acids dissociate completely in water.
Most acids and bases in physiology are weak.
The body's pH is stabilized by buffers.

pH & Buffering (buffers)

Buffers are substances that can bind or release H+ to maintain stable pH.
Biologic fluids have multiple buffers.

How Is The Body Organized? (General)

Understanding the components of the body and their organization is crucial
Structural (anatomy) and Functional organization should be considered

Biological Organization Levels

The six organization levels in the human body are: chemical, cell, tissue, organ, system, and organism.

How Is The Body Organized? (Chemical Level)

The chemical level of organization is the simplest level containing elements and molecules
Elements are chemical substances that cannot be broken down.
Molecules are formed when two or more atoms combine.

Major Elements in the Human Body

Major elements in the human body include hydrogen (H), carbon (C), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), potassium (K), and chlorine (Cl).

Inorganic Compounds

Inorganic compounds are small and simple compounds in the human body, crucial for establishing water and electrolyte balance and for membrane transport. (e.g., water, salt, HCl, ammonia).

Organic Compounds

There are four major categories of organic compounds in the human body: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Cell Organization

Cell are the fundamental building block.
Cells and molecules combine in different ways forming an organism.
Each cell in an organism has particular features that aid in its specific function.

Tissues

Tissues form by similar cells
Different tissues combines to form organs
Four types of tissue include muscle, nervous, epithelial, and connective tissue.

Epithelial Tissue

Composed of epithelial cells
Key roles of epithelial tissue include protection, secretion, absorption, and sensory functions

Epithelial Tissue: Endocrine Glands

Endocrine glands release hormones directly into the bloodstream to affect the body.
E.g., adrenal glands

Epithelial Tissue: Exocrine Glands

Exocrine glands have a channel that secrete material to release material
E.g.-sweat, saliva glands

Epithelial Tissue: Absorption

Epithelial cells in kidney tubules reabsorb water
Another example is absorption tissues in intestine

Epithelial Tissue: Sensory Function

Specialized epithelial cells in taste buds and the olfactory region of the nose detect tastes and smells

Muscle Tissue

Muscle tissue is composed of cells specialized for contraction.
Three types of muscle tissue include skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle

Connective Tissue

Connective tissue supports, protects, stores, and repairs structures of the body.
Fibroblast cells play role in repairing and regeneration
Includes Bone, cartilage, blood and lymphatic tissue

Nervous Tissue

Makes up the nervous system
Functions to generate and transmit electrical signals throughout the body.
Neurons and glial cells are part of the nervous tissue

Organs

An organ is formed when different tissues work together to perform a particular function.
Organs in the body form systems

Systems

Systems are composed of different organs to perform a particular task
Organs work together to form systems (e.g. circulatory, digestive, nervous, musculoskeletal, reproductive, lymphatic & immune, respiratory, urinary)

The Organism

An organism is the highest level of biological organization.
It is formed when the systems work together to carry out functions.

Body Fluids (Summary)

60% of the human body is fluid.
This fluid is dilute solutions found in and around cells.
The majority of the fluid is in ICF, and ECF
ECF is sub-categorised in Plasma and Interstitial fluid
Extracellular fluid helps maintain stable internal body conditions

Properties of Extracellular Fluid

Ions and nutrients in extracellular fluid are essential for cell survival
Extracellular fluid (ECF) creates a stable internal environment.
Cells can function as long as proper concentrations of molecules, ions, etc. are maintained

Extracellular Fluid as The Cell's Environment

Fluid around cells is essential to maintain stable internal conditions (homeostasis)
Cells depend on this environment for proper function

Importance of Homeostasis

Homeostasis is crucial for proper function
Body systems maintain internal stability in response to changes in the internal or external environment
Homeostasis is maintained via feedback loops

How is Homeostasis Maintained & Controlled?

Homeostasis is controlled via feedback loops, which are cycles of events to regulate an aspect of the internal environment (e.g., temperature or blood pressure)
Physiological parameter are monitored and regulated via input, processing and output via feedback mechanism

What is a Feedback Loop?

Receptors detect changes in a physiological variable
The control center compares the monitored variable to a set point
The effector produces a response
Maintaining homeostasis requires a continual cycle of monitoring, feedback, and response.

Let's use an Air Conditioner as an Example

Air conditioners use negative feedback loops to maintain a consistent room temperature
The thermostat acts as the receptor and control center
The air conditioning unit acts as the effector

Feedback Loops - types (Negative/positive)

Negative feedback loops counteract a change to maintain an internal equilibrium such as blood pressure
Positive feedback loops amplify or enhance a change such as contractions during labor or blood clot formation

Negative Feedback Loops in The Body

Negative feedback loops are common in the body.
They are essential for maintaining homeostasis in various physiological conditions, like blood pressure, glucose regulation, oxygen regulation etc
Each system has a particular role

Blood pressure (BP)

Blood pressure (BP) is regulated by negative feedback loops
Receptors monitor BP, input to the brain, output back to the blood vessels to regulate

Temperature Regulation

Body temperature is regulated by negative feedback loops
Receptors monitor temperature, input to the brain, output (response mechanism) to regulate temp.

When Does a Negative Feedback Loop End?

Negative feedback processes end when a stimulus or variable is back within its normal range

Positive Feedback Loops in the Body

Positive feedback loops amplify a change to cause a significant change such as childbirth and blood clotting

What about Positive Feedback?

Positive feedback loops are less common in maintaining homeostasis
Positive feedback involves amplifying a change or response beyond baseline

Positive Feedback in Childbirth

Oxytocin release during childbirth is an example of a positive feedback loop.
Amplification of the feedback loop pushes labor towards completion

Positive Feedback in Blood Clotting

Platelets release chemicals during blood clotting
The chemicals cause more platelets to adhere, thus amplifying the clotting response

Dangerous Positive Feedback

A dangerous positive feedback loop can occur when the body loses control of a variable, like unregulated body temperature increase which can cause a negative effect such as death/injury

What stops a Positive feedback loop?

External stimuli that stop the feedback loop

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Description

Test your knowledge on human body physiology with this quiz, which covers various topics such as specialized tissue groups, levels of organization, and biochemical compounds. Answer questions about essential functions and properties of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and electrolytes. Perfect for students in biology or health sciences.