Human Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 02 Part A
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Questions and Answers

What are the two main categories that chemistry can be broken down into?

Basic chemistry and biochemistry.

Besides being sensed, what two properties does 'matter' possess?

Matter has mass and occupies space.

List the three states of matter?

Solid, liquid, and gas.

What is the defining characteristic of an element?

<p>It cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What four elements make up 96% of the human body?

<p>Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How would you describe the shape and volume of a liquid?

<p>Liquids have a changeable shape, but a definite volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the state of matter with a definite shape and volume?

<p>Solid</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what ways can matter be perceived?

<p>Matter can be seen, smelled, and/or felt.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy the first electron shell of an atom?

<p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the subatomic particles involved in chemical reactions, and what determines whether a chemical reaction will take place and what type of bond is formed?

<p>Electrons. They determine whether a reaction will take place and what type of chemical bond will form.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the unique building block of an element?

<p>atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

If an atom gains an electron, does it become a cation or an anion, and what charge does it have?

<p>It becomes an anion, and it has a negative charge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main components of an atom's nucleus?

<p>protons and neutrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outermost electron shell of an atom called, and what is the significance of the electrons in this shell?

<p>The outermost electron shell is called the valence shell. Electrons in this shell have the most potential energy and are involved in chemical reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the electrical charge of an electron?

<p>negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the atomic symbol for sodium?

<p>Na</p> Signup and view all the answers

If an atom loses an electron, would it become more positive or more negative, and what is the resulting charged atom called?

<p>It becomes more positive, and it's called a cation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When does an atom become electrically neutral?

<p>when the number of protons and electrons are equal</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many protons does hydrogen have?

<p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides atomic number, what other identifying facts are used to describe an element?

<p>mass number, isotopes, and atomic weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond is formed between polar water molecules?

<p>hydrogen bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of symbolic notation is used to describe chemical reactions?

<p>chemical equations</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the substances that enter into a chemical reaction called?

<p>reactants</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a chemical equation, what does a subscript indicate?

<p>atoms joined by bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical formula for methane?

<p>CH4</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reaction involves the breakdown of a molecule into smaller molecules or its constituent atoms?

<p>decomposition reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general form of a decomposition reaction, using A and B?

<p>AB -&gt; A + B</p> Signup and view all the answers

Are decomposition reactions considered anabolic or catabolic?

<p>catabolic</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does increased temperature affect the rate of a chemical reaction?

<p>Increased temperatures usually increase the rate of a reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are two ways to increase the rate of a chemical reaction besides temperature?

<p>Increasing the concentration of reactants and decreasing the particle size of reactants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do catalysts influence a chemical reaction?

<p>Catalysts increase the rate of reaction without being chemically changed or becoming part of the product.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of energy, as provided in the text?

<p>Energy is the capacity to do work or put matter into motion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main categories of energy described in the text?

<p>Kinetic and potential energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the relationship between potential and kinetic energy.

<p>Energy can be transformed from potential energy to kinetic energy. Stored energy can be released, resulting in action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Provide two examples of forms of energy.

<p>Chemical energy, electrical energy, mechanical energy, and radiant energy are all valid answers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is radiant energy also commonly called?

<p>Electromagnetic energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between a molecule and a compound, based on the types of atoms involved?

<p>A molecule is formed when two or more atoms bond together. A compound is a specific type of molecule containing two or more <em>different</em> types of atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define the term 'mixture' in the context of chemistry.

<p>A mixture is a substance made of two or more components that are physically intermixed, but not chemically bonded.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the three basic types of mixtures.

<p>The three basic types of mixtures are solutions, colloids, and suspensions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main characteristics of a solution, in terms of particle distribution?

<p>Solutions are homogeneous mixtures, with particles evenly distributed throughout.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a solution, what is the role of the 'solvent' and the 'solute'?

<p>The solvent is the substance present in the greatest amount, typically a liquid. The solute is the substance dissolved in the solvent and present in smaller amounts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one major difference in how mixtures vs. compounds can be separated?

<p>Mixtures can be separated by physical means like filtering or straining, while compounds can only be separated by breaking their chemical bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between an atom, a compound, and a mixture, in terms of chemical bonding.

<p>Atoms are the simplest elemental forms. Compounds involve two or more atoms chemically bonded, while mixtures are combinations of two or more substances that are not chemically bonded.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are mixtures classified in terms of their composition, and are all compounds classified the same way?

<p>Mixtures can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous, while compounds are only homogeneous.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is matter?

Anything that occupies space and has mass.

What are the states of matter?

Solid: definite shape and volume (e.g., bone) Liquid: changeable shape; definite volume (e.g., blood) Gas: changeable shape and volume (e.g., oxygen)

What are elements?

Substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances.

What are the four most abundant elements in the human body?

Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen, and Oxygen make up the majority of the human body.

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Define an atom.

A fundamental building block of matter.

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What is energy?

The ability to do work.

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What is potential energy?

Energy stored within the bonds of chemical structures.

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What is kinetic energy?

Energy associated with the movement of atoms and molecules.

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Atom

The smallest unit of an element that retains the chemical properties of that element.

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Atomic Symbol

A unique symbolic representation of an element using one or two letters, often derived from its Latin name.

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Atomic Number

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, which determines the element's identity.

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Mass Number

The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.

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Molecule

A general term for two or more atoms that are bonded together.

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Compound

A specific type of molecule that contains at least two different kinds of atoms bonded together.

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Isotopes

Atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but differ in the number of neutrons in their nuclei.

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Atomic Weight

The average mass of all the isotopes of an element, taking into account their relative abundance in nature.

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Mixture

A combination of two or more substances that are physically mixed but not chemically bonded.

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Proton

A positively charged subatomic particle located in the nucleus of an atom.

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Solution

A mixture where the components are evenly distributed throughout.

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Solvent

The substance present in the largest amount in a solution.

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Electron

A negatively charged subatomic particle that orbits the nucleus of an atom.

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Solute

The substance dissolved in the solvent in a solution.

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Heterogeneous Mixture

A mixture where the components are not evenly distributed throughout.

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Colloid

A type of mixture where the particles are evenly dispersed, but are larger than in a solution and can scatter light.

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What is the valence shell?

The outermost electron shell of an atom.

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What is potential energy in electrons?

The energy an electron has due to its location relative to the nucleus.

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What is kinetic energy in electrons?

The energy an electron has due to its movement.

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What are chemical bonds?

The energy relationships between electrons of atoms.

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What are electron shells?

The area around the nucleus where electrons can reside.

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Decomposition Reaction

A chemical reaction where a molecule breaks down into smaller molecules or individual atoms.

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Reactants

Substances that enter into a chemical reaction and are transformed into new substances.

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Products

The resulting chemical end products of a chemical reaction.

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Chemical Equation

A symbolic representation of a chemical reaction using chemical formulas for reactants and products.

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Synthesis Reaction

A chemical reaction where two or more molecules combine to form a larger molecule.

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Oxidation-Reduction Reaction

A chemical reaction that involves the transfer of electrons between reactants, resulting in a change in the oxidation states of atoms.

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Single Displacement Reaction

A type of chemical reaction where an atom or group of atoms is replaced by another atom or group of atoms in a molecule.

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Double Displacement Reaction

A type of chemical reaction where two compounds exchange their components, resulting in the formation of two new compounds.

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Rate of Chemical Reaction

The speed at which a chemical reaction occurs.

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Catalyst

A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process.

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Enzyme

A biological catalyst, typically a protein, that speeds up chemical reactions in living organisms.

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Energy

The ability to do work or cause change.

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Kinetic Energy

Energy possessed by an object due to its motion.

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Potential Energy

Stored energy that has the potential to do work.

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Chemical Energy

Energy stored within the chemical bonds of molecules.

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Electrical Energy

Energy associated with the flow of electric charge.

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Study Notes

Human Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 02 Part A: Chemistry Comes Alive

  • Body is composed of many chemicals
  • Chemistry underlies all physiological functions, including movement, digestion, heart function, and nervous system activity
  • Chemistry can be broken down into basic chemistry and biochemistry
  • Body is made up of elements; four elements (Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen, and Oxygen) make up 96% of the body

2.1 Matter and Energy

  • Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space; it can be seen, smelled, or felt
  • Matter is composed of elements with specific chemical properties
  • The four main elements making up 96 percent of the body are Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Oxygen (abbreviated as C, H, N, and O)

2.2 Atoms and Elements

  • All matter is composed of elements
  • Elements cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods
  • Four elements (Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen, and Oxygen) form 96% of the human body's mass
  • Atoms are unique building blocks for each element; they are the smallest particles of an element that retain its properties.
  • Atoms are electrically neutral when the number of protons and electrons are equal
  • The nucleus of an atom contains protons and neutrons. Electrons orbit around the nucleus.
  • Subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons
    • Protons have a positive charge
    • Neutrons have no charge
    • Electrons have a negative charge

Atomic Symbols

  • One- or two-letter abbreviations for elements
  • Examples: O for oxygen, C for carbon
  • Some symbols come from Latin names, such as Na (natrium) for sodium and K (kalium) for potassium

Atomic Number and Mass Number

  • Atomic number: number of protons in the nucleus
  • Mass number: total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus; this is the total mass of the atom.

Isotopes

  • Structural variations of the same element
  • Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes.
  • Atomic numbers are the same, but mass numbers are different
  • Atomic weight: the number of protons plus the number of neutrons in an atom

Radioisotopes

  • Isotopes that decompose to more stable forms
  • Atoms release subatomic particles & energy during this process and are known as radioactivity.
  • This energy can be detected and measured.
  • A valuable tool for biological research and medicine for disease diagnosis, and targeted cancer treatment
  • Can be used in carbon-dating methods

2.3 Molecules and Compounds

  • Molecules are formed when two or more atoms chemically combine
  • Compounds are molecules formed when two or more different kinds of atoms chemically combine

Mixtures

  • Most matter exists as mixtures
  • Mixtures comprise two or more components physically combined
  • Three basic types of mixtures
    • Solutions (homogeneous mixture)
    • Colloids (heterogeneous mixture)
    • Suspensions (heterogeneous mixture)

Solutions

  • Homogenous mixtures
  • Solvent: component present in the greatest amount (usually a liquid, like water)
  • Solute(s): component(s) dissolved in the solvent (usually present in smaller amounts)

Types of Chemical Bonds

  • Chemical bonds: "energy relationships" between electrons of reacting atoms
  • Not actual physical structures
  • Ionic bonds
    • Involve the transfer of valence shell electrons to result in one atom becoming a negatively charged ion (anion), and another atom becomes a positively charged ion (cation)
  • Covalent bonds
    • Formed by sharing two or more valence electrons
  • Hydrogen bonds
    • Attractive forces occurring between the positively charged hydrogen of one molecule and the negative charge on another molecule

Role of Electrons in Chemical Bonding

  • Electrons occupy areas around the nucleus called electron shells (or energy levels)
  • Shells can hold only a limited number of electrons
  • Outermost shell is called valence shell
  • Electrons in valence shell are involved in chemical reactions

2.4 Chemical Reactions

  • Occur when chemical bonds are formed, rearranged, or broken
  • Chemical equations depict these reactions using symbolic forms
    • Reactants: substances that react together
    • Products: substances that result from the reaction
    • The formulas demonstrate how reactants and products are written using subscripts to show amounts/bonds

Energy Flow in Chemical Reactions

  • Exergonic reactions: release energy; products have less potential energy than reactants.
  • Endergonic reactions: absorb energy; products have more potential energy than reactants.

Reversibility of Chemical Reactions

  • All reactions are theoretically reversible
  • Chemical equilibrium occurs when the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction
  • Many biological reactions are not very reversible

Rate of Chemical Reactions

  • Factors affecting reaction speed
    • Temperature
    • Concentration of reactants
    • Particle size
  • Catalysts accelerate reactions without being chemically changed; enzymes are biological catalysts

Energy

  • Capacity to do work or put matter into motion
  • Kinetic energy: energy in motion
  • Potential energy: stored energy
  • Forms of energy: chemical, electrical, mechanical, radiant

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Human Anatomy and Physiology Eleventh Edition (Chapter 02A) PDF

Description

Explore the essential role of chemistry in human physiology in this quiz covering Chapter 02 Part A. Understand how matter and energy relate to the body's composition and the significance of the four primary elements: Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen, and Oxygen. Dive into the fundamentals of atomic structure and the importance of elements in biological processes.

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