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Questions and Answers
The most abundant molecule in the human body is
A) phylogenetic
B) negative
C) H2O
D)H°
E)H – TS
F)halobacteria
G)open
H)entropy
I)flux
J)polymers
K)G°'
L)thermophiles
M)nitrogen
N)positive
The most abundant molecule in the human body is
A) phylogenetic
B) negative
C) H2O
D)H°
E)H – TS
F)halobacteria
G)open
H)entropy
I)flux
J)polymers
K)G°'
L)thermophiles
M)nitrogen
N)positive
C
During chemical evolution, small organic molecules condense to form more complex molecules called
A) phylogenetic
B)negative
C)H2O
D)H°
E)H – TS
F)halobacteria
G)open
H)entropy
I)flux
J)polymers
K)G°'
L)thermophiles
M)nitrogen
N)positive
During chemical evolution, small organic molecules condense to form more complex molecules called A) phylogenetic B)negative C)H2O D)H° E)H – TS F)halobacteria G)open H)entropy I)flux J)polymers K)G°' L)thermophiles M)nitrogen N)positive
J
Evolutionary relationships can be visualized using a tree.
A) phylogenetic
B)negative
C)H2O
D)H°
E)H – TS
F)halobacteria
G)open
H)entropy
I)flux
J)polymers
K)G°'
L)thermophiles
M)nitrogen
N)positive
Evolutionary relationships can be visualized using a tree. A) phylogenetic B)negative C)H2O D)H° E)H – TS F)halobacteria G)open H)entropy I)flux J)polymers K)G°' L)thermophiles M)nitrogen N)positive
A
The organisms most likely to be found in high temperature environments would be
A) phylogenetic
B)negative
C)H2O
D)H°
E)H – TS
F)halobacteria
G)open
H)entropy
I)flux
J)polymers
K)G°'
L)thermophiles
M)nitrogen
N)positive
The organisms most likely to be found in high temperature environments would be A) phylogenetic B)negative C)H2O D)H° E)H – TS F)halobacteria G)open H)entropy I)flux J)polymers K)G°' L)thermophiles M)nitrogen N)positive
The organisms most likely to be found in a brine environment would be
A) phylogenetic
B)negative
C)H2O
D)H°
E)H – TS
F)halobacteria
G)open
H)entropy
I)flux
J)polymers
K)G°'
L)thermophiles
M)nitrogen
N)positive
The organisms most likely to be found in a brine environment would be A) phylogenetic B)negative C)H2O D)H° E)H – TS F)halobacteria G)open H)entropy I)flux J)polymers K)G°' L)thermophiles M)nitrogen N)positive
The term used to indicate the degree of randomness within a system is
A) phylogenetic
B)negative
C)H2O
D)H°
E)H – TS
F)halobacteria
G)open
H)entropy
I)flux
J)polymers
K)G°'
L)thermophiles
M)nitrogen
N)positive
The term used to indicate the degree of randomness within a system is A) phylogenetic B)negative C)H2O D)H° E)H – TS F)halobacteria G)open H)entropy I)flux J)polymers K)G°' L)thermophiles M)nitrogen N)positive
Spontaneous processes are characterized by a change in Gibbs free energy that is
A) phylogenetic
B)negative
C)H2O
D)H°
E)H – TS
F)halobacteria
G)open
H)entropy
I)flux
J)polymers
K)G°'
L)thermophiles
M)nitrogen
N)positive
Spontaneous processes are characterized by a change in Gibbs free energy that is
A) phylogenetic
B)negative
C)H2O
D)H°
E)H – TS
F)halobacteria
G)open
H)entropy
I)flux
J)polymers
K)G°'
L)thermophiles
M)nitrogen
N)positive
Gibbs free energy is defined as G =
A) phylogenetic
B)negative
C)H2O
D)H°
E)H – TS
F)halobacteria
G)open
H)entropy
I)flux
J)polymers
K)G°'
L)thermophiles
M)nitrogen
N)positive
Gibbs free energy is defined as G = A) phylogenetic B)negative C)H2O D)H° E)H – TS F)halobacteria G)open H)entropy I)flux J)polymers K)G°' L)thermophiles M)nitrogen N)positive
The symbol for free energy under standard biochemical conditions is
A) phylogenetic
B)negative
C)H2O
D)H°
E)H – TS
F)halobacteria
G)open
H)entropy
I)flux
J)polymers
K)G°'
L)thermophiles
M)nitrogen
N)positive
The symbol for free energy under standard biochemical conditions is A) phylogenetic B)negative C)H2O D)H° E)H – TS F)halobacteria G)open H)entropy I)flux J)polymers K)G°' L)thermophiles M)nitrogen N)positive
Living creatures can be described thermodynamically as systems.
A) phylogenetic
B)negative
C)H2O
D)H°
E)H – TS
F)halobacteria
G)open
H)entropy
I)flux
J)polymers
K)G°'
L)thermophiles
M)nitrogen
N)positive
Living creatures can be described thermodynamically as systems. A) phylogenetic B)negative C)H2O D)H° E)H – TS F)halobacteria G)open H)entropy I)flux J)polymers K)G°' L)thermophiles M)nitrogen N)positive
What are the four most abundant elements in a human body?
What are the four most abundant elements in a human body?
The atmosphere of prebiotic earth probably contained the following molecules:
The atmosphere of prebiotic earth probably contained the following molecules:
In 1953, Urey and Miller carried out an experiment in which they subjected a mixture of H2O, CH4, NH3, and H2 to electrical discharges. Which of the following were among the products?
In 1953, Urey and Miller carried out an experiment in which they subjected a mixture of H2O, CH4, NH3, and H2 to electrical discharges. Which of the following were among the products?
Which of the following statements about hydrothermal vents is true?
Which of the following statements about hydrothermal vents is true?
Which of the following developed during the evolution of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?
Which of the following developed during the evolution of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?
Using phylogeny all living organisms can be divided into the following domains:
Using phylogeny all living organisms can be divided into the following domains:
The theory of evolution includes which of the following principles?
The theory of evolution includes which of the following principles?
Which three cellular components are present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Which three cellular components are present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
The bulk of aerobic metabolism in eukaryotic cells takes place in
The bulk of aerobic metabolism in eukaryotic cells takes place in
Which cellular compartment or organelle is involved in the synthesis of proteins and lipids?
Which cellular compartment or organelle is involved in the synthesis of proteins and lipids?
Which of the following is a similarity between all prokaryotes and all eukaryotes?
Which of the following is a similarity between all prokaryotes and all eukaryotes?
Which of the following statements concerning prokaryotes is false?
Which of the following statements concerning prokaryotes is false?
Which of the following statements about eukaryotes is not true?
Which of the following statements about eukaryotes is not true?
Which of the following statements about the theories of (bio)chemical evolution is not true?
Which of the following statements about the theories of (bio)chemical evolution is not true?
Which of the following statement(s) is (are) not true?
Which of the following statement(s) is (are) not true?
Halophiles and thermophiles are
Halophiles and thermophiles are
Which of the statements about viruses is not true?
Which of the statements about viruses is not true?
Lynn Margulis‘ Theory of Endosymbiosis is an explanation for the origin of
Lynn Margulis‘ Theory of Endosymbiosis is an explanation for the origin of
Phylogeny is
Phylogeny is
Taxonomy is
Taxonomy is
Which group of organisms is not prokaryotic?
Which group of organisms is not prokaryotic?
The term molecular weight is a term used by biochemists that refers to
The term molecular weight is a term used by biochemists that refers to
The second law of thermodynamics states:
The second law of thermodynamics states:
Change in enthalpy (H) is best defined as
Change in enthalpy (H) is best defined as
An endergonic reaction with a H and a S can be changed into an exergonic reaction by decreasing the temperature.
An endergonic reaction with a H and a S can be changed into an exergonic reaction by decreasing the temperature.
The G° for the conversion of glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) to fructose 6-phosphate (F6P) is +1.7 kJ/mole. In a particular human cell the concentration G6P is 8.0 µM and the concentration F6P is 1.0 µM. Calculate the G of the reaction as it occurs in this cell at 37°C?
The G° for the conversion of glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) to fructose 6-phosphate (F6P) is +1.7 kJ/mole. In a particular human cell the concentration G6P is 8.0 µM and the concentration F6P is 1.0 µM. Calculate the G of the reaction as it occurs in this cell at 37°C?
For a reaction with H = 23 kJ/mol and S =22 J/K•mol, at 2°C, the reaction is:
For a reaction with H = 23 kJ/mol and S =22 J/K•mol, at 2°C, the reaction is:
Calculate the G for a reaction with H = 20. kJ/mol and S =20. J/K•mol, that is carried out at 27°C.
Calculate the G for a reaction with H = 20. kJ/mol and S =20. J/K•mol, that is carried out at 27°C.
A spontaneous process
A spontaneous process
An increase in disorder in the system
An increase in disorder in the system
Living organisms
Living organisms
Enzymes accelerate biochemical reactions by
Enzymes accelerate biochemical reactions by
A van‘t Hoff plot
A van‘t Hoff plot
Keq can be determined from the change in standard free energy using the equation
Keq can be determined from the change in standard free energy using the equation
Living organisms are classified thermodynamically as:
Living organisms are classified thermodynamically as:
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Study Notes
Abundant Molecules and Organisms
- Water (H2O) is the most abundant molecule in the human body.
- Organisms that thrive in high-temperature environments are called thermophiles.
- Halobacteria are organisms that live in salty or brine environments.
- Entropy is the measure of randomness or disorder within a system.
- Spontaneous processes are characterized by a negative change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG).
Thermodynamics in Biology
- Gibbs free energy is represented by the equation: G = H - TS, where:
- H is enthalpy (heat content)
- T is temperature in Kelvin
- S is entropy
- The symbol for free energy under standard biochemical conditions is ΔG°.
- Living creatures are thermodynamically considered open systems, meaning they exchange energy and matter with their surroundings.
Prebiotic Earth and Evolution
- The four most abundant elements in the human body are oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen.
- The early atmosphere of Earth likely contained molecules like water (H2O), methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3), and hydrogen gas (H2).
- In 1953, Urey and Miller conducted an experiment simulating early Earth conditions, resulting in the formation of organic molecules like amino acids, sugars, and nucleic acid bases.
- Hydrothermal vents, underwater openings releasing hot, chemically-rich fluids, are believed to have played a role in the origin of life.
Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells
- The evolution of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells involved the development of a nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, and a more complex cytoskeleton.
- All living organisms can be classified into three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
- The theory of evolution explains the diversity of life through descent with modification, natural selection, and adaptation.
- Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes contain ribosomes, DNA, and a cell membrane.
- The majority of aerobic metabolism occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells.
- The endoplasmic reticulum is involved in the synthesis of proteins and lipids.
- All prokaryotes and eukaryotes possess ribosomes for protein synthesis.
- Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
- One false statement about eukaryotes is that they are always multicellular.
- A false statement about the theories of chemical evolution is that it can fully explain the origin of life – it primarily addresses the formation of biomolecules.
Viruses and Symbiosis
- Viruses are not considered living organisms because they lack a cellular structure and cannot reproduce independently.
- Lynn Margulis proposed the theory of endosymbiosis, which explains the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells as a result of ancient symbiotic relationships between prokaryotes.
Classifying Organisms and Thermodynamics
- Taxonomy is the science of classifying organisms into hierarchical groups based on shared characteristics.
- Phylogeny is the study of evolutionary relationships among organisms.
- Fungi are not prokaryotic; they belong to the eukaryotic domain.
- Molecular weight refers to the mass of a molecule, expressed in atomic mass units (Da).
- The second law of thermodynamics states that the total entropy of an isolated system always increases over time.
- Enthalpy (ΔH) represents the change in heat content of a system during a reaction.
- A reaction with a positive enthalpy change (ΔH) and a negative entropy change (ΔS) can become exergonic (favorable) by decreasing the temperature.
- The standard free energy change (ΔG°) for a reaction can be used to calculate the equilibrium constant (Keq) using the equation: ΔG° = -RTlnKeq.
Gibbs Free Energy and Applications
- The Gibbs free energy (ΔG) for a reaction reflects the spontaneity and maximum work capacity of a system.
- ΔG is calculated using the equation: ΔG = ΔH - TΔS, where:
- ΔH is the enthalpy change
- T is the temperature in Kelvin
- ΔS is the entropy change
- Living organisms are classified thermodynamically as open systems due to their constant exchange of energy and matter with their environment.
Specific Examples
- The ΔG for the conversion of glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) to fructose 6-phosphate (F6P) is +1.7 kJ/mol.
- With a G6P concentration of 8.0 µM and a F6P concentration of 1.0 µM, the ΔG of this reaction, under these specific conditions, at 37°C is calculated as follows:
- ΔG = ΔG° + RTln([F6P]/[G6P])
- ΔG = 1,700 J + (8.314 J/mol•K)(310K)ln(1.0 µM/8.0 µM)
- ΔG ≈ -2,900 J/mol
- For a reaction with ΔH = 23 kJ/mol and ΔS = 22 J/K•mol, at 2 °C, the reaction is:
- ΔG = 23,000 J/mol - (275 K) * 22 J/K•mol = 17,640 J/mol (endergonic)
- A ΔG for a reaction with ΔH = 20 kJ/mol and ΔS = 20 J/K•mol at 27°C is:
- ΔG = ΔH - TΔS
- ΔG = 20,000 J/mol - (300 K)(20 J/K•mol)
- ΔG = 14,000 J/mol
- A spontaneous process has a negative change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG).
- An increase in disorder or randomness in the system corresponds to a positive entropy change (ΔS).
- Living organisms maintain a high level of order and complexity, which requires a continuous input of energy to counteract entropy.
- Enzymes lower the activation energy of reactions, accelerating their rates.
- A van't Hoff plot shows the relationship between the equilibrium constant of a reaction and temperature.
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