Human Body Composition
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the glycocalyx formed by carbohydrate-protein and carbohydrate-lipid interactions?

  • Acting as a protective layer for the cell and providing lubrication for cell movements (correct)
  • Facilitating the transport of molecules across the cell membrane
  • Recognizing pathogens and triggering immune responses
  • Initiating a signalling cascade inside the cell

    • Which of the following is NOT a function of carbohydrates on the cell surface?

  • Determining blood types in the ABO blood group system
  • Facilitating cell adhesion and tissue formation
  • Initiating a signalling cascade inside the cell
  • Regulating the movement of substances in and out of the cell (correct)

    • What is the result of a signalling molecule binding to a carbohydrate receptor?

  • Cell adhesion and tissue formation
  • Recognition of pathogens and triggering of immune responses
  • Initiation of a signalling cascade inside the cell (correct)
  • Protection of the cell from mechanical damage

    • Which type of molecule is NOT involved in the formation of the glycocalyx?

    <p>Nucleic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ability of the cell membrane to regulate the movement of substances in and out of the cell?

    <p>Selective permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of carbohydrates on the surface of red blood cells in the ABO blood group system?

    <p>Determining blood types</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of proteins in the cell membrane that facilitate the transport of molecules?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of the cell membrane that is NOT related to carbohydrates?

    <p>Selective permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the human body is comprised of oxygen?

    <p>65%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of the human body's mass made up of the four elements: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen?

    <p>96.2%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of water in the human body?

    <p>Regulating temperature and osmotic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element has four bonding sites for other atoms, making it the key atom for organic chemistry?

    <p>Carbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the human body is made up of nitrogen?

    <p>3.2%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element is found in proteins and in the nucleic acids that make up the genetic code?

    <p>Nitrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage of the human body's mass made up of just six elements?

    <p>99%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element is the most abundant mineral in the human body?

    <p>Calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of antibodies in the immune system?

    <p>To recognize and neutralize foreign substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following proteins is involved in muscle contraction?

    <p>Myosin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical formula for water?

    <p>H2O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the total land on Earth is occupied by water?

    <p>71%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of gene therapy?

    <p>To introduce healthy genes to correct genetic diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the continuous movement of water from the ground to the atmosphere and back?

    <p>Water cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the type of bonds that connect the atoms in a water molecule?

    <p>Polar covalent bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a consequence of errors in DNA replication?

    <p>Improved genomic medicine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application of PCR (polymerase chain reaction) technology?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hybridization of the orbitals in a water molecule in the gaseous phase?

    <p>sp3^3^</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a target of medications that inhibit DNA replication?

    <p>Rapidly dividing cancer cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of water as a universal solvent?

    <p>It enables water to dissolve a wide range of substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of DNA replication in prenatal testing?

    <p>To diagnose genetic abnormalities in a developing fetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an application of understanding DNA replication in pharmacology?

    <p>Targeting rapidly dividing cancer cells with chemotherapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of understanding DNA replication in fertility and reproduction?

    <p>It is fundamental in processes related to fertility and reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of DNA replication in the development of viral treatments?

    <p>It aids in the development of antiviral drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of DNA helicase in the replication process?

    <p>To disrupt the hydrogen bonding between base pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the directionality of DNA replication?

    <p>5' to 3'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the primer in DNA replication?

    <p>To initiate the replication process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of DNA polymerase in DNA replication?

    <p>To synthesize the new DNA strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of DNA primase in DNA replication?

    <p>To generate primers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the orientation of the leading strand in DNA replication?

    <p>5' to 3'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the leading strand and the lagging strand in DNA replication?

    <p>The leading strand is synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction, while the lagging strand is synthesized in the 3' to 5' direction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the 5' and 3' ends of DNA?

    <p>They specify the directionality of DNA replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Composition of the Human Body

    • The human body is made up of various elements, including water, oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus.
    • Water makes up the majority of the body, with bone cells consisting of 31% water and the lungs consisting of 83% water.
    • Oxygen is the most abundant element in the body, making up 65% of its mass, followed by carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen.

    Elements in the Human Body

    • Oxygen (O) - 65%: found in water and many key organic compounds.
    • Carbon (C) - 18.5%: has four bonding sites, making it the key atom for organic chemistry.
    • Hydrogen (H) - 9.5%: found in water and all organic molecules.
    • Nitrogen (N) - 3.2%: found in proteins and nucleic acids.
    • Calcium (Ca) - 1.5%: the most abundant mineral in the body, essential for cell signaling and protection.

    DNA Replication

    • DNA is directional, with a 5' and 3' end, and replication only progresses in the 5' to 3' direction.
    • The replication fork is bi-directional, with one strand (leading strand) oriented in the 3' to 5' direction and the other strand (lagging strand) oriented in the 5' to 3' direction.
    • The process of DNA replication involves primer binding, elongation, and the creation of new strands by DNA polymerases.

    Functions of DNA Replication

    • DNA replication is essential for fertility and reproduction.
    • Errors in DNA replication can lead to infertility and developmental abnormalities.
    • DNA replication is used in genetic testing, forensic analysis, and the diagnosis of infectious diseases.

    Functions of Proteins

    • Proteins are involved in various cellular processes, including:
      • Immune response: producing antibodies to recognize and neutralize foreign substances.
      • Movement: proteins like actin and myosin are involved in muscle contraction and cell movement.
      • Regulation: regulatory proteins control various processes, including gene expression and cell cycle progression.

    Water

    • Water is an inorganic, liquid chemical that is colorless, odorless, and tasteless.
    • Water makes up approximately 71% of the Earth's hydrosphere and 70% of the human body's total weight.
    • Water is essential for biological processes, but it has no calorific value or nutritional value.

    Structure of Water

    • The chemical formula for water is H2O, consisting of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.
    • Water molecules are connected by polar covalent bonds, making them electrically neutral but polar.
    • In the gaseous phase, the atoms in a water molecule are sp3 hybridized to form four sp3 hybrid orbitals oriented tetrahedrally around the oxygen atom.

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    Description

    Learn about the composition of the human body, including its elements, molecules, cells, and water content.

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