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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the glycocalyx formed by carbohydrate-protein and carbohydrate-lipid interactions?
What is the primary function of the glycocalyx formed by carbohydrate-protein and carbohydrate-lipid interactions?
- Acting as a protective layer for the cell and providing lubrication for cell movements (correct)
- Facilitating the transport of molecules across the cell membrane
- Recognizing pathogens and triggering immune responses
- Initiating a signalling cascade inside the cell
Which of the following is NOT a function of carbohydrates on the cell surface?
Which of the following is NOT a function of carbohydrates on the cell surface?
- Determining blood types in the ABO blood group system
- Facilitating cell adhesion and tissue formation
- Initiating a signalling cascade inside the cell
- Regulating the movement of substances in and out of the cell (correct)
What is the result of a signalling molecule binding to a carbohydrate receptor?
What is the result of a signalling molecule binding to a carbohydrate receptor?
- Cell adhesion and tissue formation
- Recognition of pathogens and triggering of immune responses
- Initiation of a signalling cascade inside the cell (correct)
- Protection of the cell from mechanical damage
Which type of molecule is NOT involved in the formation of the glycocalyx?
Which type of molecule is NOT involved in the formation of the glycocalyx?
What is the term for the ability of the cell membrane to regulate the movement of substances in and out of the cell?
What is the term for the ability of the cell membrane to regulate the movement of substances in and out of the cell?
What is the role of carbohydrates on the surface of red blood cells in the ABO blood group system?
What is the role of carbohydrates on the surface of red blood cells in the ABO blood group system?
What is the function of proteins in the cell membrane that facilitate the transport of molecules?
What is the function of proteins in the cell membrane that facilitate the transport of molecules?
Which of the following is a function of the cell membrane that is NOT related to carbohydrates?
Which of the following is a function of the cell membrane that is NOT related to carbohydrates?
What percentage of the human body is comprised of oxygen?
What percentage of the human body is comprised of oxygen?
What is the approximate percentage of the human body's mass made up of the four elements: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen?
What is the approximate percentage of the human body's mass made up of the four elements: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen?
What is the primary function of water in the human body?
What is the primary function of water in the human body?
Which element has four bonding sites for other atoms, making it the key atom for organic chemistry?
Which element has four bonding sites for other atoms, making it the key atom for organic chemistry?
What percentage of the human body is made up of nitrogen?
What percentage of the human body is made up of nitrogen?
Which element is found in proteins and in the nucleic acids that make up the genetic code?
Which element is found in proteins and in the nucleic acids that make up the genetic code?
What is the approximate percentage of the human body's mass made up of just six elements?
What is the approximate percentage of the human body's mass made up of just six elements?
Which element is the most abundant mineral in the human body?
Which element is the most abundant mineral in the human body?
What is the primary function of antibodies in the immune system?
What is the primary function of antibodies in the immune system?
Which of the following proteins is involved in muscle contraction?
Which of the following proteins is involved in muscle contraction?
What is the chemical formula for water?
What is the chemical formula for water?
What percentage of the total land on Earth is occupied by water?
What percentage of the total land on Earth is occupied by water?
What is the primary goal of gene therapy?
What is the primary goal of gene therapy?
What is the term for the continuous movement of water from the ground to the atmosphere and back?
What is the term for the continuous movement of water from the ground to the atmosphere and back?
What is the term for the type of bonds that connect the atoms in a water molecule?
What is the term for the type of bonds that connect the atoms in a water molecule?
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of errors in DNA replication?
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of errors in DNA replication?
What is the primary application of PCR (polymerase chain reaction) technology?
What is the primary application of PCR (polymerase chain reaction) technology?
What is the hybridization of the orbitals in a water molecule in the gaseous phase?
What is the hybridization of the orbitals in a water molecule in the gaseous phase?
Which of the following is a target of medications that inhibit DNA replication?
Which of the following is a target of medications that inhibit DNA replication?
What is the significance of water as a universal solvent?
What is the significance of water as a universal solvent?
What is the role of DNA replication in prenatal testing?
What is the role of DNA replication in prenatal testing?
Which of the following is an application of understanding DNA replication in pharmacology?
Which of the following is an application of understanding DNA replication in pharmacology?
What is the significance of understanding DNA replication in fertility and reproduction?
What is the significance of understanding DNA replication in fertility and reproduction?
What is the role of DNA replication in the development of viral treatments?
What is the role of DNA replication in the development of viral treatments?
What is the primary function of DNA helicase in the replication process?
What is the primary function of DNA helicase in the replication process?
What is the directionality of DNA replication?
What is the directionality of DNA replication?
What is the purpose of the primer in DNA replication?
What is the purpose of the primer in DNA replication?
What is the role of DNA polymerase in DNA replication?
What is the role of DNA polymerase in DNA replication?
What is the function of DNA primase in DNA replication?
What is the function of DNA primase in DNA replication?
What is the orientation of the leading strand in DNA replication?
What is the orientation of the leading strand in DNA replication?
What is the difference between the leading strand and the lagging strand in DNA replication?
What is the difference between the leading strand and the lagging strand in DNA replication?
What is the significance of the 5' and 3' ends of DNA?
What is the significance of the 5' and 3' ends of DNA?
Study Notes
Composition of the Human Body
- The human body is made up of various elements, including water, oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus.
- Water makes up the majority of the body, with bone cells consisting of 31% water and the lungs consisting of 83% water.
- Oxygen is the most abundant element in the body, making up 65% of its mass, followed by carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen.
Elements in the Human Body
- Oxygen (O) - 65%: found in water and many key organic compounds.
- Carbon (C) - 18.5%: has four bonding sites, making it the key atom for organic chemistry.
- Hydrogen (H) - 9.5%: found in water and all organic molecules.
- Nitrogen (N) - 3.2%: found in proteins and nucleic acids.
- Calcium (Ca) - 1.5%: the most abundant mineral in the body, essential for cell signaling and protection.
DNA Replication
- DNA is directional, with a 5' and 3' end, and replication only progresses in the 5' to 3' direction.
- The replication fork is bi-directional, with one strand (leading strand) oriented in the 3' to 5' direction and the other strand (lagging strand) oriented in the 5' to 3' direction.
- The process of DNA replication involves primer binding, elongation, and the creation of new strands by DNA polymerases.
Functions of DNA Replication
- DNA replication is essential for fertility and reproduction.
- Errors in DNA replication can lead to infertility and developmental abnormalities.
- DNA replication is used in genetic testing, forensic analysis, and the diagnosis of infectious diseases.
Functions of Proteins
- Proteins are involved in various cellular processes, including:
- Immune response: producing antibodies to recognize and neutralize foreign substances.
- Movement: proteins like actin and myosin are involved in muscle contraction and cell movement.
- Regulation: regulatory proteins control various processes, including gene expression and cell cycle progression.
Water
- Water is an inorganic, liquid chemical that is colorless, odorless, and tasteless.
- Water makes up approximately 71% of the Earth's hydrosphere and 70% of the human body's total weight.
- Water is essential for biological processes, but it has no calorific value or nutritional value.
Structure of Water
- The chemical formula for water is H2O, consisting of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.
- Water molecules are connected by polar covalent bonds, making them electrically neutral but polar.
- In the gaseous phase, the atoms in a water molecule are sp3 hybridized to form four sp3 hybrid orbitals oriented tetrahedrally around the oxygen atom.
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Description
Learn about the composition of the human body, including its elements, molecules, cells, and water content.
