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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the genetic message determined by the sequence of nucleotides?
What is the primary function of the genetic message determined by the sequence of nucleotides?
- To regulate energy production in mitochondria
- To facilitate lysosome production
- To determine the sequence of amino acids in proteins (correct)
- To control the transport of molecules in the ER
What is the site of protein synthesis in the cell?
What is the site of protein synthesis in the cell?
- Golgi apparatus
- Rough ER (correct)
- Mitochondria
- Lysosomes
What is the primary function of the smooth ER?
What is the primary function of the smooth ER?
- Protein synthesis
- Storage of calcium ions
- Glycosylation and phosphorylation
- Lipid production (correct)
What is the purpose of the Golgi apparatus in the cell?
What is the purpose of the Golgi apparatus in the cell?
What is the function of lysosomes in the cell?
What is the function of lysosomes in the cell?
What component of the glycolax protrudes outside of the membrane?
What component of the glycolax protrudes outside of the membrane?
Which type of diffusion involves the use of channel proteins?
Which type of diffusion involves the use of channel proteins?
Which molecules are unable to pass through phospholipid bilayers?
Which molecules are unable to pass through phospholipid bilayers?
What process is described as 'cell eating'?
What process is described as 'cell eating'?
What is required for the Na-K ATPase pump to function?
What is required for the Na-K ATPase pump to function?
What occurs during pinocytosis?
What occurs during pinocytosis?
What percentage of the body's water content is found in the ECF?
What percentage of the body's water content is found in the ECF?
Which ion is predominantly found in the ICF and contributes to the cytosol?
Which ion is predominantly found in the ICF and contributes to the cytosol?
What is the primary determinant of plasma osmolarity?
What is the primary determinant of plasma osmolarity?
What effectively maintains the intravascular volume in the body?
What effectively maintains the intravascular volume in the body?
Which ions have large amounts in the ECF?
Which ions have large amounts in the ECF?
Which parameter has a narrow limit for compatibility with life?
Which parameter has a narrow limit for compatibility with life?
What is the daily water intake for humans on average?
What is the daily water intake for humans on average?
What triggers a decrease in blood pressure according to stretch receptor activity?
What triggers a decrease in blood pressure according to stretch receptor activity?
What is the primary role of the sodium pump in the cell membrane?
What is the primary role of the sodium pump in the cell membrane?
What is one characteristic of protein mediated transport?
What is one characteristic of protein mediated transport?
What is a defining feature of sodium ion co-transport (SGLT)?
What is a defining feature of sodium ion co-transport (SGLT)?
In the gastrointestinal tract and renal tubules, sodium ion co-transport aids in which process?
In the gastrointestinal tract and renal tubules, sodium ion co-transport aids in which process?
Which of the following is not involved in cotransport mechanisms?
Which of the following is not involved in cotransport mechanisms?
Which of the following proteins is responsible for active transport in the cell membrane?
Which of the following proteins is responsible for active transport in the cell membrane?
Which component of the cell membrane is most responsible for its nearly impermeable property to water soluble substances?
Which component of the cell membrane is most responsible for its nearly impermeable property to water soluble substances?
Where are proteins synthesized within the cell?
Where are proteins synthesized within the cell?
What is a characteristic function of integral proteins in the cell membrane?
What is a characteristic function of integral proteins in the cell membrane?
Which organelle is involved in lipid synthesis within the cell?
Which organelle is involved in lipid synthesis within the cell?
Which type of phospholipid is primarily found in the nervous system?
Which type of phospholipid is primarily found in the nervous system?
What is the primary function of the glycocalyx on most cell membrane proteins?
What is the primary function of the glycocalyx on most cell membrane proteins?
What is the correct flow of maintenance fluid for an individual weighing 30 kg?
What is the correct flow of maintenance fluid for an individual weighing 30 kg?
What parameters have narrow limits compatible with life?
What parameters have narrow limits compatible with life?
How do negative feedback loops maintain homeostasis?
How do negative feedback loops maintain homeostasis?
How do positive feedback loops function in physiology?
How do positive feedback loops function in physiology?
What regulates ECF composition?
What regulates ECF composition?
What is osmosis?
What is osmosis?
What is the effect of hypertonicity on RBCs?
What is the effect of hypertonicity on RBCs?
What is the intravascular residency time for isotonic solutions?
What is the intravascular residency time for isotonic solutions?
What impact does hypertonic solutions have on systemic blood pressure and ICP?
What impact does hypertonic solutions have on systemic blood pressure and ICP?
Which bodily compartment contains the majority of the body's water?
Which bodily compartment contains the majority of the body's water?
What are the predominant ions found in the Extracellular Fluid (ECF)?
What are the predominant ions found in the Extracellular Fluid (ECF)?
What are the predominant ions found in the ICF?
What are the predominant ions found in the ICF?
What quality of ion distribution creates a voltage difference across membranes?
What quality of ion distribution creates a voltage difference across membranes?
What percentage of the body is comprised of blood?
What percentage of the body is comprised of blood?
What is the distribution of plasma to RBCs in 5L of blood volume?
What is the distribution of plasma to RBCs in 5L of blood volume?
What is the total serum concentration of potassium?
What is the total serum concentration of potassium?
What is the normal serum concentration of sodium?
What is the normal serum concentration of sodium?
What is osmotic pressure?
What is osmotic pressure?
What determines osmotic pressure?
What determines osmotic pressure?
What is a normal osmolarity?
What is a normal osmolarity?
What ions contribute the most to osmolarity?
What ions contribute the most to osmolarity?
What is the formula for plasma osmolarity?
What is the formula for plasma osmolarity?
When would glucose and urea contribute to osmolarity?
When would glucose and urea contribute to osmolarity?
What part of the cell membrane faces the ICF and ECF?
What part of the cell membrane faces the ICF and ECF?
What differentiates integral proteins from peripheral proteins?
What differentiates integral proteins from peripheral proteins?
What are some of the functions of integral proteins in the cell membrane?
What are some of the functions of integral proteins in the cell membrane?
What is a glycocalyx?
What is a glycocalyx?
What organelle does RNA transfer its genetic message to for protein synthesis?
What organelle does RNA transfer its genetic message to for protein synthesis?
What is the Golgi apparatus the site of?
What is the Golgi apparatus the site of?
Where are lysosomes produced?
Where are lysosomes produced?
What is the role of lysoferrin?
What is the role of lysoferrin?
What are peroxisomes?
What are peroxisomes?
What is the role of the inner layer of mitochondria?
What is the role of the inner layer of mitochondria?
What is the cell membrane selectively permeable to?
What is the cell membrane selectively permeable to?
What molecules move through facilitated diffusion across the cell membrane?
What molecules move through facilitated diffusion across the cell membrane?
What is the role of the sodium ion cotransport system?
What is the role of the sodium ion cotransport system?
What is the difference between a symporter and an antiporter?
What is the difference between a symporter and an antiporter?
What occurs in protein-mediated transport?
What occurs in protein-mediated transport?
Of the following, which is transported into cells by facilitated diffusion?
Of the following, which is transported into cells by facilitated diffusion?
What is the largest source of fluid loss on a daily basis in the form of?
What is the largest source of fluid loss on a daily basis in the form of?
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Study Notes
Cell Structure and Function
- Cell membrane: composed of lipid bilayer, phospholipids, sphingolipids, cholesterol, and proteins
- Phospholipids: lecithins, sphingomyelins, amino phospholipids
- Proteins: integral (permanently embedded, span entire bilayer) and peripheral (temporarily associated, do not fully span)
- Integral proteins: receptors, channels, carrier proteins
- Peripheral proteins: attached to integral proteins, act as enzymes or controllers for transport
- Structural proteins: microtubules
- Enzymes: various functions
Cell Membrane Transport
- Simple diffusion: through phospholipid bilayer
- Facilitated diffusion: through channel protein or carrier protein
- Charged water soluble molecules and ions do not pass through membrane
- Osmosis: through aquaporins or phospholipid bilayer
- Endocytosis: taking up of particles by cell
- Exocytosis: release of particles
- Na-K ATPase pump: requires ATP, attaches ATP, and pumps 3 sodium ions out and 2 potassium ions in
Ion Channels and Transport
- Ion channels: allow specific ions to pass through membrane
- Protein-mediated transport: includes ATP and glycoprotein
- Transported against concentration gradient
- Requires energy from hydrolysis of ATP
- Sodium ion co-transport (SGLT): glucose can't move by itself, transported with sodium ions
Organelles and Functions
- Nucleus: contains genetic material
- Rough ER: site of protein production
- Smooth ER: site of lipid production
- Golgi apparatus: storage depot for lipids and proteins, site of glycosylation and phosphorylation
- Lysosomes: garbage disposal, filled with hydrolytic enzymes
- Mitochondria: site of energy production, 2-layered with inner layer housing mitochondrial DNA
Body Fluids and Composition
- Water: most abundant constituent of the body (60% in men, 50% in women, 70% in neonates)
- ECF: 30% of body's water content, contains plasma and interstitial fluid, large amounts of Na, Cl, HCO3
- ICF: 70% of body's water content, contains K, Mg, PO4, and cellular components suspended in cytosol
- Osmosis: diffusion of water from low concentration of solute to high concentration of solute
Maintenance of Cell Volume and Osmosis
- Controlled by movement of K-Na by energy-dependent ATPase pump
- Osmotic pressure: pressure required to prevent continued movement of water
- Osmolarity: concentrations of solutes, primarily determined by sodium concentrations
- Solutions: isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic
Cell Functions and Processes
- Cell consumes O2 and produces CO2
- Cell contains and is surrounded by fluid
- Microbiota: outnumber human cells and are generally beneficial
- Cell structure and function: proteins made in rough ER, lipids made in smooth ER, nucleolus does not have a membrane
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