Exam 1 A

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the genetic message determined by the sequence of nucleotides?

To regulate energy production in mitochondria

To facilitate lysosome production

To determine the sequence of amino acids in proteins (correct)

To control the transport of molecules in the ER

What is the site of protein synthesis in the cell?

Golgi apparatus

Rough ER (correct)

Mitochondria

Lysosomes

What is the primary function of the smooth ER?

Protein synthesis

Storage of calcium ions

Glycosylation and phosphorylation

Lipid production (correct)

What is the purpose of the Golgi apparatus in the cell?

To modify and package proteins and lipids (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of lysosomes in the cell?

To degrade cellular waste (D) Signup and view all the answers

What component of the glycolax protrudes outside of the membrane?

Glyco body (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of diffusion involves the use of channel proteins?

Facilitated diffusion (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which molecules are unable to pass through phospholipid bilayers?

Charged water-soluble molecules (B) Signup and view all the answers

What process is described as 'cell eating'?

Phagocytosis (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is required for the Na-K ATPase pump to function?

ATP (B) Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during pinocytosis?

Taking up of molecules that form vesicles of ECF (A) Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the body's water content is found in the ECF?

30% (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which ion is predominantly found in the ICF and contributes to the cytosol?

K (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary determinant of plasma osmolarity?

Sodium (D) Signup and view all the answers

What effectively maintains the intravascular volume in the body?

RAAS and ADH (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which ions have large amounts in the ECF?

Na, Cl, HCO3 (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which parameter has a narrow limit for compatibility with life?

Potassium levels (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the daily water intake for humans on average?

2.5 L (C) Signup and view all the answers

What triggers a decrease in blood pressure according to stretch receptor activity?

Inhibition of the vasomotor center (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the sodium pump in the cell membrane?

Moving three sodium ions outward for every two potassium ions inward (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is one characteristic of protein mediated transport?

Requires energy from ATP (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining feature of sodium ion co-transport (SGLT)?

Glucose is transported with sodium ions (B) Signup and view all the answers

In the gastrointestinal tract and renal tubules, sodium ion co-transport aids in which process?

Active transport of glucose into cells from plasma (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not involved in cotransport mechanisms?

Amino acid facilitation (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following proteins is responsible for active transport in the cell membrane?

Carrier proteins (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the cell membrane is most responsible for its nearly impermeable property to water soluble substances?

Phospholipid bilayer (B) Signup and view all the answers

Where are proteins synthesized within the cell?

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic function of integral proteins in the cell membrane?

Spanning the entire bilayer and acting as channels or receptors (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is involved in lipid synthesis within the cell?

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of phospholipid is primarily found in the nervous system?

Sphingomyelins (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the glycocalyx on most cell membrane proteins?

Giving cells a negative charge to repel negatively charged particles (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct flow of maintenance fluid for an individual weighing 30 kg?

70 mL/hour (D) Signup and view all the answers

What parameters have narrow limits compatible with life?

Temperature, acid-base balance, potassium (A) Signup and view all the answers

How do negative feedback loops maintain homeostasis?

By counteracting the effect of a stimulus (B) Signup and view all the answers

How do positive feedback loops function in physiology?

They amplify and reinforce changes to the body's internal environment. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What regulates ECF composition?

Kidneys (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is osmosis?

The movement of water molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration through a selectively permeable membrane. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of hypertonicity on RBCs?

RBCs shrink and become more rigid (crenation) (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the intravascular residency time for isotonic solutions?

20-30 mins (B) Signup and view all the answers

What impact does hypertonic solutions have on systemic blood pressure and ICP?

Increase systemic blood pressure but decrease ICP (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which bodily compartment contains the majority of the body's water?

ICF (B) Signup and view all the answers

What are the predominant ions found in the Extracellular Fluid (ECF)?

Sodium and chloride and bicarbonate (A) Signup and view all the answers

What are the predominant ions found in the ICF?

Phosphate and potassium and magnesium (A) Signup and view all the answers

What quality of ion distribution creates a voltage difference across membranes?

Asymmetric distribution (C) Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the body is comprised of blood?

5-7% (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the distribution of plasma to RBCs in 5L of blood volume?

3 L plasma, 2 L RBCs (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the total serum concentration of potassium?

3.5-4.5 mmol/L, total concentration 45 (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal serum concentration of sodium?

137-142 mmol/L. Total = 58 (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is osmotic pressure?

The pressure required to prevent water from flowing into a solution through a semipermeable membrane (B) Signup and view all the answers

What determines osmotic pressure?

The number of solute particles in a solution (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a normal osmolarity?

290 mmol/L (A) Signup and view all the answers

What ions contribute the most to osmolarity?

Sodium ions (Na+) and Chloride (Cl-) (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for plasma osmolarity?

Na + Glucose/18 + BUN/2.8 (B) Signup and view all the answers

When would glucose and urea contribute to osmolarity?

Hyperglycemia and uremia (B) Signup and view all the answers

What part of the cell membrane faces the ICF and ECF?

Hydrophilic heads (A) Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates integral proteins from peripheral proteins?

Transmembrane domain (A) Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the functions of integral proteins in the cell membrane?

Both A and B (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a glycocalyx?

membrane carbohydrate or lipid that acts as a receptor and modulates immune activity (A) Signup and view all the answers

What organelle does RNA transfer its genetic message to for protein synthesis?

Ribosome (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the Golgi apparatus the site of?

Glycosylation and phosphorylation (D) Signup and view all the answers

Where are lysosomes produced?

Golgi apparatus (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of lysoferrin?

Regulation of iron homeostasis (B) Signup and view all the answers

What are peroxisomes?

an organelle that contains oxidase to form hydrogen peroxide to oxidize substances (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the inner layer of mitochondria?

To house mitochondrial DNA and serve as the reservoir space for protons created during electron transport (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the cell membrane selectively permeable to?

water, gas, fat soluble substance, O2, and CO (B) Signup and view all the answers

What molecules move through facilitated diffusion across the cell membrane?

Glucose and amino acids (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the sodium ion cotransport system?

To transport sodium ions with another substance (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a symporter and an antiporter?

A symporter transports two molecules in the same direction, while an antiporter transports them in opposite directions. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in protein-mediated transport?

A type of active transport where specific molecules are transported against a concentration gradient (B) Signup and view all the answers

Of the following, which is transported into cells by facilitated diffusion?

Amino acids (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the largest source of fluid loss on a daily basis in the form of?

Urine (A) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Structure and Function

Cell membrane: composed of lipid bilayer, phospholipids, sphingolipids, cholesterol, and proteins
Phospholipids: lecithins, sphingomyelins, amino phospholipids
Proteins: integral (permanently embedded, span entire bilayer) and peripheral (temporarily associated, do not fully span)
Integral proteins: receptors, channels, carrier proteins
Peripheral proteins: attached to integral proteins, act as enzymes or controllers for transport
Structural proteins: microtubules
Enzymes: various functions

Cell Membrane Transport

Simple diffusion: through phospholipid bilayer
Facilitated diffusion: through channel protein or carrier protein
Charged water soluble molecules and ions do not pass through membrane
Osmosis: through aquaporins or phospholipid bilayer
Endocytosis: taking up of particles by cell
Exocytosis: release of particles
Na-K ATPase pump: requires ATP, attaches ATP, and pumps 3 sodium ions out and 2 potassium ions in

Ion Channels and Transport

Ion channels: allow specific ions to pass through membrane
Protein-mediated transport: includes ATP and glycoprotein
Transported against concentration gradient
Requires energy from hydrolysis of ATP
Sodium ion co-transport (SGLT): glucose can't move by itself, transported with sodium ions

Organelles and Functions

Nucleus: contains genetic material
Rough ER: site of protein production
Smooth ER: site of lipid production
Golgi apparatus: storage depot for lipids and proteins, site of glycosylation and phosphorylation
Lysosomes: garbage disposal, filled with hydrolytic enzymes
Mitochondria: site of energy production, 2-layered with inner layer housing mitochondrial DNA

Body Fluids and Composition

Water: most abundant constituent of the body (60% in men, 50% in women, 70% in neonates)
ECF: 30% of body's water content, contains plasma and interstitial fluid, large amounts of Na, Cl, HCO3
ICF: 70% of body's water content, contains K, Mg, PO4, and cellular components suspended in cytosol
Osmosis: diffusion of water from low concentration of solute to high concentration of solute

Maintenance of Cell Volume and Osmosis

Controlled by movement of K-Na by energy-dependent ATPase pump
Osmotic pressure: pressure required to prevent continued movement of water
Osmolarity: concentrations of solutes, primarily determined by sodium concentrations
Solutions: isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic

Cell Functions and Processes

Cell consumes O2 and produces CO2
Cell contains and is surrounded by fluid
Microbiota: outnumber human cells and are generally beneficial
Cell structure and function: proteins made in rough ER, lipids made in smooth ER, nucleolus does not have a membrane

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Lesson on basic physiology