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Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of blood in the body?
What is the primary role of blood in the body?
Which cellular element in blood is primarily responsible for oxygen transport?
Which cellular element in blood is primarily responsible for oxygen transport?
What does a higher hematocrit level indicate?
What does a higher hematocrit level indicate?
What is the approximate normal hematocrit percentage for adult Weddell seals?
What is the approximate normal hematocrit percentage for adult Weddell seals?
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Which of the following statements about hematocrit levels is true?
Which of the following statements about hematocrit levels is true?
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What percentage of hematocrit is typical for male humans?
What percentage of hematocrit is typical for male humans?
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Erythrocytes are responsible for blood clotting.
Erythrocytes are responsible for blood clotting.
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List two cellular elements found in blood.
List two cellular elements found in blood.
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The packed cell volume for adult Weddell seals is ___%.
The packed cell volume for adult Weddell seals is ___%.
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Match the following blood components with their functions:
Match the following blood components with their functions:
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Study Notes
Blood Physiology
- Blood is a circulatory fluid, transporting molecules and cells.
- Blood is composed of plasma and cellular elements.
- Cellular elements include erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and thrombocytes (platelets).
Hematocrit
- Hematocrit (PCV) indicates oxygen delivery capacity.
- Human hematocrit: 45% (male), 42% (female).
- Other animals have varying hematocrit values (e.g., Weddell seal, Pekin ducks, icefish).
Plasma
- Plasma is mostly water (90% or more).
- Plasma proteins are the most abundant component.
- Electrolytes in plasma include Na+ and Cl-.
- Plasma contains various nutrients (glucose, amino acids, lipids, and vitamins).
Plasma Proteins
- Plasma proteins (6-8% of plasma) have various functions.
- Examples include:
- Fibrinogen (blood clotting)
- Albumins (abundant, bind substances)
- Globulins (α, β, λ; transporters, clotting agents, immune effectors)
Lipoproteins
- Lipoproteins are composed of apolipoproteins and lipids (energy and structural lipids).
- Major lipoproteins include chylomicrons, HDL, LDL, and VLDL.
- Chylomicrons transport lipids after a meal.
- HDL contains mostly proteins and little cholesterol.
- LDL contains less protein and more cholesterol.
- VLDL contains the least protein and mostly triglycerides (energy source).
Respiratory Pigments
- Respiratory pigments carry oxygen.
- Hemoglobin is the pigment in vertebrates.
- Hemocyanin is the pigment in non-vertebrates.
Erythrocytes
- Erythrocytes (red blood cells) transport oxygen.
- Erythrocytes contain hemoglobin.
- Erythrocytes also transport carbon dioxide (via bicarbonate production and hemoglobin).
- Mammals' erythrocytes are flat, disc-shaped, and biconcave, lacking a nucleus.
- Animals vary in erythrocyte count per mL (e.g., chicken, cows, pigs, horses).
Erythrocyte Replacement
- Erythrocytes have a short lifespan (e.g., ~100-110 days in mammals, ~30 days in chickens).
- The spleen removes and stores worn-out erythrocytes.
- Erythropoiesis (red blood cell production) replaces worn-out cells.
- Kidneys detect low oxygen levels and release erythropoietin to stimulate erythropoiesis.
Leukocytes
- Leukocytes (white blood cells) are key components in the vertebrate immune system.
- Leukocytes develop from pluripotent stem cells in bone marrow.
Thrombocytes/Platelets
- Platelets (thrombocytes) are involved in clotting.
- Megakaryocytes produce platelets.
- Thrombopoietin stimulates megakaryocyte production.
Hemostasis
- Hemostasis involves three processes:
- Vascular spasm (constriction of injured blood vessels)
- Platelet plug formation (platelets adhere to injured site)
- Blood coagulation (transformation of blood from liquid to gel)
Clot Dissolution
- Fibrinolytic plasmin dissolves clots.
- Plasminogen is converted to plasmin.
- Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) prevents inappropriate clot formation.
Quiz on Vascular Physiology
- The quiz asks for morphology and function of different blood vessels (arteries, arterioles, capillaries, veins).
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Description
Test your knowledge on the structure and function of blood, including its composition of plasma and cellular elements. This quiz covers essential topics like hematocrit, plasma proteins, and the role of lipoproteins in the circulatory system.
