Human Blood Facts and Functions
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Questions and Answers

What is the role of prothrombinase in blood clotting?

  • Prothrombinase converts inactive prothrombin into active thrombin. (correct)
  • Prothrombinase directly initiates the formation of fibrin clots.
  • Prothrombinase converts fibrinogen into fibrin.
  • Prothrombinase activates platelets to release clotting factors.

Which of the following conditions could directly lead to reduced blood clotting?

  • Increased production of antithrombin. (correct)
  • High levels of calcium ions (Ca2+).
  • Excess production of clotting factors in the liver.
  • Increased number of platelets in the blood.

What is the primary reason why ABO blood group mismatches can lead to transfusion reactions?

  • The difference in platelet count between the donor and recipient causing clotting issues.
  • The presence of antibodies in the recipient's blood reacting with antigens on donor red blood cells. (correct)
  • The incompatibility of clotting factors between the donor and recipient.
  • The difference in blood pressure between the donor and recipient causing blood cell rupture.

Why is Type O blood considered a universal donor?

<p>Type O blood lacks both A and B antigens, minimizing the risk of antibody reactions in recipients. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a direct consequence of antibody binding to antigens on red blood cells?

<p>Activation of clotting factors, leading to thrombosis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT directly required for blood clotting?

<p>Antibodies (Ab) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a possible consequence of liver dysfunction in relation to blood clotting?

<p>Reduced synthesis of clotting factors, leading to increased bleeding. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are Type and Crossmatch tests essential before blood transfusions?

<p>To confirm the compatibility of the donor's blood with the recipient's blood, considering ABO blood group and other potential antigen-antibody reactions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A transfusion reaction in an Rh-negative individual is most likely to occur following:

<p>A second transfusion of Rh-positive blood. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A pregnant woman with Rh-negative blood type who carries an Rh-positive fetus is at risk of developing:

<p>Hemolytic disease of the newborn, which can severely affect the fetus, and future pregnancies. (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The drug RhoGAM is administered to Rh-negative mothers carrying Rh-positive fetuses to:

<p>Prevent the mother from developing anti-Rh antibodies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the presence of anti-Rh antibodies in a mother's blood affect the fetus?

<p>It can cause agglutination and hemolysis of fetal red blood cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) primarily affects the fetus due to:

<p>A mismatch between the mother's and the fetus's blood types, specifically with Rh factor. (F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In severe cases of hemolytic disease of the newborn, what is the most immediate intervention to save the fetus?

<p>Administering a blood transfusion directly to the fetus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios would NOT increase the risk of Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN) in subsequent pregnancies?

<p>An Rh-negative mother previously gave birth to an Rh-negative baby. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to monitor the levels of anti-Rh antibodies in a mother's blood during pregnancy?

<p>To determine the severity of HDN in the fetus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of erythrocytes in the blood?

<p>Transport of oxygen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of blood is responsible for mediating the blood clotting process?

<p>Platelets (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of blood volume is composed of plasma?

<p>55% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal pH range of blood?

<p>7.35 to 7.45 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the process of hematopoiesis?

<p>Production of formed elements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about hemoglobin is true?

<p>Each heme molecule contains an iron atom. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does hematopoiesis primarily occur in adults?

<p>Red bone marrow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate volume of blood in an average human body?

<p>5-6 liters (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is required for the synthesis of hemoglobin in red blood cells?

<p>Folate and B12 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the release of colony stimulating factors (CSFs)?

<p>Specific chemical signals in the environment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is involved in the elimination of aged red blood cells?

<p>Phagocytosis by phagocytes in spleen and liver (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component is degraded to bilirubin during the aging of red blood cells?

<p>Heme group (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT a typical cause of low blood oxygen levels?

<p>Low levels of vitamin B12 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary regulator of platelet production?

<p>Thrombopoietin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor enhances the ability of blood to transport oxygen?

<p>Blood doping (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to globin when red blood cells age?

<p>It is broken down into amino acids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of vasoconstriction during hemostasis?

<p>To decrease blood loss until clotting occurs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does von Willebrand factor play in platelet adhesion?

<p>It binds platelets to collagen at the injury site (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chemical is primarily released by platelets to enhance vascular spasms?

<p>Thromboxane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is formed when fibrinogen binds to the receptors on activated platelets?

<p>A platelet plug (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process occurs first in the hemostasis sequence?

<p>Vascular spasm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the activation of a cascade of clotting factors?

<p>The production of prothrombinase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do platelets become activated during the formation of a platelet plug?

<p>Through chemicals released by other platelets (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure forms the core of a blood clot and traps various components?

<p>Fibrin network (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Red Blood Cell Production

The process of creating new red blood cells.

Hemoglobin

A protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen.

Erythroblast

The stem cell that produces red blood cells.

Ferritin

A protein that binds to iron in the blood.

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Bilirubin

A compound formed from the breakdown of heme.

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Colony Stimulating Factors (CSFs)

The process of stimulating the production of white blood cells.

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Megakaryocyte

A large, multinucleated cell that fragments into platelets.

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Thrombopoietin

The primary regulator of platelet production.

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Prothrombin

An inactive clotting factor converted into active thrombin by prothrombinase.

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Thrombin

An active enzyme that converts fibrinogen into fibrin, forming a mesh-like structure in blood clotting.

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Fibrinogen

A soluble plasma protein that is converted into insoluble fibrin by thrombin, forming the mesh-like structure of a blood clot.

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Anticoagulant

A substance that prevents blood clotting, such as antithrombin or heparin.

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ABO Blood Grouping

A blood group system based on the presence or absence of specific antigens (A and B) on the surface of red blood cells.

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Antibody (Ab)

A protein that binds to a specific antigen on the surface of a cell, triggering an immune response.

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Antigen (Ag)

A molecule (usually a protein or carbohydrate) found on the surface of cells that can trigger an immune response.

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Agglutination

The clumping together of red blood cells, usually due to an immune reaction.

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Plasma

The liquid part of blood, making up 55% of its volume. Contains water, proteins like albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen, and other components.

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Hematopoiesis

The process of producing blood cells, continuously taking place throughout our lives. Primarily happens in the red bone marrow, but some white blood cells are formed in lymphatic tissues.

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Erythrocytes (RBCs)

Red blood cells, responsible for transporting oxygen throughout the body. Shaped like flattened discs with thick edges. Lack a nucleus and cannot divide.

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Platelets

Tiny cell fragments responsible for blood clotting (coagulation) to stop bleeding. They stick together and form a plug to seal wounds.

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Leukocytes (WBCs)

White blood cells, crucial for defending the body against infections and diseases. They come in different types, each with a specialized function.

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Blood Color

The range of colors blood can appear: scarlet (oxygen-rich) to dull red (oxygen-poor). This difference is due to the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin.

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Blood Viscosity

Blood is heavier than water and thicker, making it harder to flow through the body compared to water.

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Hemostasis

The process by which bleeding is stopped, involving a series of steps that quickly seal damaged blood vessels.

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Vasoconstriction

The narrowing of a blood vessel, triggered by smooth muscle contraction in the vessel wall. This helps reduce blood loss and allows clotting to occur.

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Platelet Plug

A cluster of platelets that forms a temporary seal over a small tear in a blood vessel. It helps control bleeding until a more stable clot forms.

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Endothelin

A protein released by endothelial cells that aids in vasoconstriction by triggering contraction of smooth muscle in the blood vessel walls.

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Von Willebrand Factor

A sticky protein that acts as a bridge between collagen and platelets, helping to anchor them to the damaged site during platelet plug formation.

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Fibrin

Threadlike proteins that form a mesh-like network to trap blood cells and solidify the clot.

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Clotting Factors

A group of proteins found in plasma that are essential for blood clotting. They work in a cascade, activating each other in a specific sequence.

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Rh Blood Group

A blood group system that distinguishes people based on the presence or absence of Rh antigens on their red blood cells.

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Rh Positive

Individuals who have Rh antigens present on their red blood cells.

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Rh Negative

Individuals who lack Rh antigens on their red blood cells.

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Rh Sensitization

The process of developing antibodies against the Rh antigens when an Rh-negative person is exposed to Rh-positive red blood cells.

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Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn (HDFN)

A severe condition that occurs when an Rh-negative mother is carrying an Rh-positive fetus, leading to the mother producing antibodies against the fetus's red blood cells.

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RhoGAM

An injection given to Rh-negative mothers during pregnancy and after delivery to prevent them from developing antibodies against Rh-positive blood.

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Rh Incompatibility

A condition where the mother is Rh-negative and the fetus is Rh-positive, resulting in the mother producing antibodies that can destroy the fetus's red blood cells.

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Hemolysis

The destruction of red blood cells due to the action of antibodies.

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Study Notes

Blood Facts

  • Blood is a scarlet (oxygen-rich) or dull red (oxygen-poor) fluid.
  • It's sticky, opaque, and has a metallic taste.
  • Blood is salty.
  • Blood's pH is between 7.35 and 7.45.
  • Blood is denser than water, and about five times thicker.
  • Body temperature is slightly higher than blood temperature (38°C).
  • Blood accounts for 8% of body weight.
  • Humans have approximately 5-6 liters of blood.

Blood Functions

  • Transports gases, nutrients, and waste products.
  • Transports processed molecules.
  • Transports regulatory molecules.
  • Regulates pH and osmosis.
  • Maintains body temperature.
  • Protects against foreign substances (e.g., pathogens).
  • Clots the blood.

Blood Components

Plasma

  • Non-living fluid matrix.
  • Makes up 55% of total blood volume.
  • Pale yellow liquid surrounding blood cells.
  • Primarily water (91%).
  • Contains proteins (7%), including albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen.
  • Contains other substances (2%), such as ions, nutrients, and waste products.

Formed Elements

  • Living blood cells (45% of total blood).
    • Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
    • White blood cells (leukocytes)
    • Platelets (thrombocytes)

Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)

  • Disk-shaped, biconcave, anucleate (no nucleus), and contain hemoglobin.
  • Live for about 120 days (males) or 110 days (females).
  • Contain spectrin to squeeze through capillaries.
  • Function: Transport oxygen.
  • Hemoglobin: Iron-containing protein that binds oxygen.

Platelets (Thrombocytes)

  • Cell fragments surrounded by plasma membrane.
  • Function in blood clotting (hemostasis).
  • Mediates coagulation to prevent excessive blood loss.

Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

  • Spherical; have nuclei and various types.
  • Involved in immune response and defense mechanisms.
  • Multiple types with specific roles in fighting infection or disease

Hematopoiesis

  • The process producing formed elements (blood cells).
  • Continuous throughout life.
  • Occurs in red bone marrow (mostly in adults) and other tissues in the fetus.

Regulation of Red Blood Cell Production

  • Blood oxygen level impacts red blood cell production.
  • Kidney and liver release erythropoietin (EPO) in response to low oxygen levels.
  • EPO stimulates red bone marrow to produce more red blood cells.

Breakdown of Red Blood Cells

  • Aged, damaged, or abnormal red blood cells are broken down by macrophages.
  • Hemoglobin is broken down into globin (amino acids) and heme (iron and bilirubin).
  • Iron is released to be reused.
  • Bilirubin is processed by the liver and excreted in bile.

Blood Types

  • Classified by antigens on red blood cell surfaces (A, B, and Rh).
  • Matching donor and recipient blood types is critical; mismatched reactions can be harmful.

Blood Clotting

  • Hemostasis (stoppage of bleeding) involves three phases:
    • Vascular spasm (vasoconstriction)
    • Platelet plug formation
    • Blood coagulation (clotting cascade)
  • Clotting factors and platelets are essential for effective clotting.

Transfusion Reactions

  • Mismatched blood transfusions can cause reactions.
  • Antibodies in the recipient's blood can react with antigens in the donor's blood which leads to possible damage of cells and blocking of blood vessels, and various other complications.

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Description

Explore the fascinating world of blood with this quiz that covers its composition, functions, and unique properties. Learn about blood's vital role in the human body, including transportation, regulation, and protection. Test your knowledge on the essential components of blood, such as plasma and its significant elements.

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